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Title: A Commentary on Herodotus
Author: W. W. How
J. Wells
Release Date: January 3, 2008 [EBook #24146]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMMENTARY ON HERODOTUS ***
A COMMENTARY ON HERODOTUS
With Introduction and Appendixes
By W. W. How (Fellow and Tutor Of Merton College) and
J. Wells (Warden of Wadham College, 1913–1927)
____________________
Note to the Electronic Edition
A Commentary on Herodotus was originally published in 1912 in two volumes by
Oxford University Press, and was revised, with additional notes, in 1928. It is an
extraordinary work of scholarship, and still the only complete English language
commentary on Herodotus. Although it is undeniably out‐of‐date in places, it just
as undeniably continues to be the essential companion for the study of Herodotus’
Histories.
My goal in creating this electronic edition was to provide readers with a version
which is complete, accurate, and easy to use. Portions of the underlying text were
derived from the incomplete electronic edition developed by the Perseus Project,
to which I am grateful. (The Perseus edition is available under a Creative
Commons 2.5 Generic, Non‐Commercial, “Share Alike” license.) The remainder of
the running text was scanned and converted to text using Abby FineReader
software, while the various tables, charts, and diagrams were recreated manually.
The resulting text was then proofread line by line against the Oxford and the
Perseus editions, enabling me to identify and correct errors originating in the
earlier texts along with any new errors from my digitization. To enhance the
usability of the new text, it was reformatted, and the inconsistent systems for
enumeration, citation, and abbreviation were standardized. A list of the cited
ancient authors and works, along with their abbreviations, has been added to the
prefatory matter. To aid in navigation, the text is bookmarked by the book and
chapter number of the Histories, or by appendix and section. To insure a readable
and consistent appearance, I chose a standard Microsoft font, Palatino Linotype,
which contains a full set of polytonic Greek characters in all styles, including bold
and italic. For a handful of ancient Phoenician characters, I have used the
Alphabetum font developed by classicist Juan‐José Marcos, which is the most
complete Unicode font available for classical languages.
Two elements of the printed edition have not been reproduced. The first is the
maps, omitted because they do not scan well, and because better versions are
readily available online as well as in a variety of inexpensive historical atlases—
and especially in the forthcoming Landmark Herodotus, edited by Robert Strassler
(Pantheon). The second missing element is the original index, omitted because it is
not thorough (as the authors acknowledged), and because it locates entries by
reference to the page number of the printed edition, rather than by reference to the
book and chapter of the Histories. I hope that the capability of full text search will
more than offset this omission.
Undoubtedly, despite my care, there are still errors and inconsistencies in this new
edition. I will be grateful if you report these to me, so that I may correct them.
Also, I can provide the complete text in Microsoft Word .DOC or .DOCX formats,
with style tags, to anyone who wishes to create a yet better edition for future
readers—who I hope will continue to find both enlightenment and delight in the
Father of History.
—Chuck Bennett, San Clemente, October 2007
contact: [email protected]
Preface 1912
This commentary on Herodotus was planned and begun by Mr. H. D. Leigh, of
Corpus Christi, in conjunction with Mr. How, more than ten years ago. At the time
of his too early death, Mr. Leigh had written notes and excursuses on the first
book; but unfortunately they were found to be on too large a scale for the present
work, although the material collected in them was most valuable, and was largely
used. Thus for the book as it now is we are entirely responsible. We have been
frequently interrupted by more pressing duties, and we fear that in a work the
composition of which has thus been spread over many years, some inconsistencies
may have crept in undetected. The readers of the Clarendon Press have earned our
sincere gratitude by their zeal and care in removing blemishes of form, but for any
graver faults that remain we can only ask indulgence.
The commentary on books i–iv, with the corresponding appendixes, has been
written by Mr. Wells, that on books v–ix, also with the appendixes, by Mr. How.
We have each read and re‐read the otherʹs work, but the ultimate responsibility for
the views expressed rests in the first volume with Mr. Wells, in the second with
Mr. How.
Since the book is intended principally for the use of undergraduates, we have
prefixed short summaries of the subject‐matter to the various sections of the notes,
and for the same reason we have, where possible, quoted English translations of
foreign works, and have referred to antiquities readily accessible in museums at
Oxford and in London. But we have not hesitated to add many references to
foreign works and periodicals, in the hope that they may be of use to more
advanced students and to teachers.
A commentary is of necessity to a large extent a selection from the work of others,
and on every page our debt to our predecessors is manifest. Here we can only
acknowledge our principal obligations. Of commentators, Stein and, in the later
books, Macan have been of the greatest assistance to us; Rawlinson has also been
of use in a less degree.
In the Oriental history we owe very much to Maspero, and in the history of the
Persian War to Grundy and to Munro. Throughout we have derived much benefit
from the learned labours of Busolt, and still more from the masterly and
comprehensive history of E. Meyer. Nor must we forget our large debt in
anthropology and antiquities to the untiring industry of Frazer.
The plans of Thermopylae and Plataea are based on those in The Great Persian War,
by the kind permission of Dr. Grundy and Mr. John Murray. So many friends in
Oxford have given us help on particular points that to give a catalogue of such
obligations might be tedious, but special mention must be made of the kindness of
Mr. H. R. Hall, of the British Museum, who read through the whole of the notes on
book ii and appendixes ix, x, and made many valuable suggestions and
corrections. He cannot, however, be held responsible for any of the views finally
expressed.
It will be seen that our notes are almost entirely on the subject matter of
Herodotus. We have accepted Hudeʹs text, only discussing critical problems where
they seriously affected the sense. As to points of grammar and translation, such
notes only have been given as seemed necessary to help an ordinary scholar to
understand the text.
In the spelling of names we have adopted definitely the old system. It is less
correct, at least in appearance; but so many names, such as “Croesus,” “Cyrus,”
and “Lycurgus,” have by their use in literature become English that consistency is
impossible, or at any rate would be too dearly bought.
The index is not an index to the text, a want already supplied by Stein and by
Hude, but to the commentary. As it is supplemented by many cross‐references,
only the more important notes have been indexed.
Preface 1928
Owing to the high cost of making changes on stereotyped plates we have only
been able in this second impression to correct a few obvious errors and to append
some additional notes (to which references are given) dealing with work done
since 1912, and one longer essay on “Arms, Tactics, and Strategy.” For permission
to reprint this from the Journal of Hellenic Studies (1923) we have to thank the
Council of the Society.
Contents
List of Additional Notes
List of Ancient Authorities
List of Principal Modern Authorities
List of Other References
Additional Abbreviations and Annotations
Introduction
Commentary on Books I–IX
Appendixes I–XXIII
I. The Ethnography of Western Asia Minor and the Lydian History of
Herodotus
II. Assyria and Babylon
III. Median History
IV. Cyrus and the Rise of Persia
V. The Reign of Cambyses and the Early Years of Darius Hystaspes
VI. The Persian System of Government
VII. The Persian Satrapies
VIII. The Religion of the Ancient Persians and Herodotus
IX. Herodotus in Egypt
X. The History of Egypt in relation to Herodotus
XI. Scythia and the Scyths
XII. The Scythian Expedition
XIII. The Geography of Herodotus
XIV. The Chronology of Herodotus
XV. The Pelasgi
XVI. Herodotus on Tyranny
XVII. Sparta under King Cleomenes (520–490 B.C.)
XVIII. Marathon
XIX. Numbers of the Armies and Fleets (480–479 B.C.)
XX. The Campaign of 480 B.C.
XXI. Salamis
XXII. The Campaigns of 479 B.C.
XXIII. Arms, Tactics, and Strategy in the Persian War
List of Additional Notes (1928)
Note A: The Composition of H’s Work.
[Integrated into the introduction, at the end of § 10.]
Note Β
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 4. 2.]
Note C: Gyges
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 14. 4.]
Note D: Lycurgus
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 65–8.]
Note Ε: The Eclipse of Thales
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 74. 2.]
Note F: The Ionian Colonization of Asia Minor
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 142].
Note G: H’s Account of Babylon
[Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 178–83.]
Note Η: Herodotus n Egypt
[Integrated at the end of appendix ix.]
Note I: H’s Account of the Scyths
[Integrated at the end of appendix xi.]
Note J: The Pelasgi and the Etruscans
[Integrated at the end of appendix xv.]
Notes to Vol. 2
[The short additional notes for vol. 2 are not lettered, and are all integrated into
the text of the commentary at the relevant places.]
List of Ancient Authorities
Ael. Aelian
N.A. De Natura Animalium On the Nature of Animals
V.H. Varia Historia Miscellany
Aen. Tact. Aeneas Tacticus
Aesch. Aeschylus
Ag. Agamemnon
Cho. Choephoroe Libation Bearers
Eleusinioi
Eum. Eumenides
Pers. Persae Persians
P.V. Prometheus Vinctus Prometheus Bound
Sept. Septem contra Thebas Seven Against Thebes
Supp. Supplices Suppliants
Aeschin. Aeschines
In Ctes. In Ctesiphon Against Ctesiphon
In Tim. In Timarchus Against Timarchus
De Fals. Leg. De Falsa Legatione On the False Embassy
Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens
Alcm. Alcman
Ammon. Ammonius grammaticus
Diff. De Adfinium Vocabulorum Differentia
Andoc. Andocides
De Pace On the Peace with Sparta
De Myst. De Mysteriis On the Mysteries
Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina
Anth. Plan. Anthologia Planudea
Antiph. Antiphon
Tetr. Tetralogiae Tetralogies
Ap. Rhod. Apollonius Rhodius
Apollod. Apollodorus mythographus
App. Appian
B. Civ. Bella Civilia Civil Wars
Mith. The Mithridatic Wars
Syr. The Syrian Wars
Apul. Apuleius
Flor. Florida
Ar. Aristophanes
Ach. Acharnenses Acharnians
Av. Aves Birds
Eccl. Ecclesiazusae Assembly Women
Eq. Equites Knights
Lys. Lysistrata
Nub. Nubes Clouds
Pax Pax Peace
Plut. Plutus Wealth
Ran. Ranae Frogs
Thesm. Thesmophoriazusae
Vesp. Vespae Wasps
Archil. Archilochus
Arist. Aristotle
Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens
Eth. Nic. Ethica Nicomachea Nicomachean ethics
Gen. An. De Generatione Animalium
Hist. An. Historia Animalium
Metaph. Metaphysica Metaphysics
Meteor. Meteorologica
Mir. Ausc. De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus
Oec. Oeconomica
Poet. Poetica Poetics
Pol. Politica Politics
Pr. Problematica Problems
Rhet Rhetorica Rhetoric
Vent. De Ventis
Aristid. Aristides [citations are to Dindorf edition, 1829]
Panath. Panathenaicus Panathenaic Oration
Arr. Arrian
Anab. Anabasis
Peripl. Periplus Maris Euxini
Ind. Indica India
Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens
Athen. Athenaeus
Athenag. Athenagoras
Leg. Legatio pro Christianis
Bacchyl. Bacchylides
B.I. The Behistun Inscription
Caes. Caesar
B. Afr. Bellum Africum
B. Civ. Bellum Civile
B. Gall. Bellum Gallicum
Callim. Callimachus
Hymn 4 Hymn to Delos
C.C. The Cyrus Cylinder
Cic. Cicero (Marcus Tullius)
Amic. (Laelius) De Amicitia On Friendship
Att. Epistulae ad Atticum Letters to Atticus
Div. De divinatione On Divination
Dom. De Domo Sua On His House
Leg. De Legibus On the Laws
Nat. D. De Natura Deorum On the Nature of the Gods
Off. De Officiis On Duties
Sen. (Cato Maior) De Senectute On Old Age
Somn. Somnium Scriponis Dream of Scipio
Tusc. Tusculanae Disputationes Tusculan Disputations
Verr. In Verrem Against Verres
Claud. Claudianus Claudian
Cons. Stil. De Consulatu Stilichonis On the Consulship of Stilicho
Clem. Alex. Clemens Alexandrinus Clement of Alexandria
Stromateis
Conon Conon Mythographus
Ctes. Ctesias
Assyrica Assyria
Indica India
Persica Persia
Dem. Demosthenes
Aristoc. Against Aristocrates
Aristogit. Against Aristogiton
De Cor. De Corona On the Crown
De Fals. Leg. De Falsa Legatione On the False Embassy
De Halon. On the Halonessus
De Rhod. On the Liberty of the Rhodians
De Sym. Oratione de Symmoriis On the Navy
Epit. Epitaphius Funeral Oration
Eubul. In Eubulides Against Eubulides
Lept. In Leptines Against Leptines
Meid. In Meidias Against Meidias
Phil. 3 Third Philippic
Timoc. In Timocrates Against Timocrates
Timoth. In Timotheus Against Timotheus
Dio Cass. Dio Cassius
Dio Chrys. Dio Chrysostom
Or. Orationes Speeches
Diod. Diodorus Siculus
Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius
Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Ant. Rom. Antiquitates Romanae
De Praec. Hist.
Dem. De Demosthene
Dinarch. De Dinarcho
Pomp. Epistulae ad Pompeium Geminum
E.I.H. The East India House Inscription
Erot. Erotian
Voc. Hipp. Vocum Hippocraticarum
Eur. Euripides
Alc. Alcestis
Andr. Andromache
Description:Ant. Antigone. El. Electra. O.C.. Oedipus Coloneus. Oedipus at Colonus. O.T.. Oedipus Tyrannus. Oedipus the King. Phil. Philoctetes. Trach. Trachiniae . Tozer, H. F.. History of Ancient Geography. 1897. Is. Aeg. —. Islands of the Aegean. P.C.. Tylor, E. B.. Primitive Culture. 2 vols. 4th edit. E.