Table Of ContentFlora Neotropica 123
Ghillean T. Prance
Humiriaceae
Flora Neotropica
Volume 123
Since 1968, these monographic volumes have provided taxonomic treatments of
families or other groups of plants or fungi growing in the Americas between the
Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The monographs are intended to be
comprehensive, so most of them also include information on economic botany,
conservation, phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic history, ecology, cytology,
anatomy, and phytochemistry, among other topics. Each volume is illustrated with
line drawings, black and white photographs, and distribution maps. This series is the
official publication of the Organization for Flora Neotropica (OFN), an organization
founded in 1964 with the mission of producing a published botanical inventory of
the American tropics. The current OFN Executive Director is Wm. Wayt Thomas.
Flora Neotropica volumes 1–14 (1968–1974) were published by Hafner Publishing
Company. Volumes 15–121 (1975 – 2019) were published by The New York
Botanical Garden. All in-print volumes 1—121 are available exclusively through
NYBG Shop: https://www.nybgshop.org/nybg-press/books-in-series/flora-
neotropica. Volumes 122 and going forward are available exclusively from Springer.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16365
Ghillean T. Prance
Humiriaceae
Ghillean T. Prance
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Richmond, Surrey, UK
ISSN 0071-5794 ISSN 2330-202X (electronic)
Flora Neotropica
ISBN 978-3-030-82358-0 ISBN 978-3-030-82359-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82359-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Cover illustration: Project Flora da Reserva Ducke INPA/DFID
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This monograph is dedicated to Jose
Cuatrecasas (1903–1996) pioneer in the
study of the Humiriaceae
Acknowledgements
I thank Andrew Brown for the drawings of each genus (Fig. 10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 10.9,
10.11, 10.16, 10.18, 10.21, 10.24, and 10.26) and Michella del Rei and Matrisabel
Adrianzén for Fig.10.12. I thank Rachel Crosby for much help with compiling the
database for mapping. I am grateful to the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew for facilities to carry out this work and to Elizabeth Gjieli for the preparation
of the distribution maps. I thank Thomas Zanoni and Charles Zartman for most
helpful reviews of the original manuscript, and Ana Maria Ruiz for editorial assis-
tance. Thanks to the IUCN Red List Unit in Cambridge, UK and to Barbara Goettsch
who worked with me to determine the conservation status for each species. I thank
The International Cosmos Prize for the funding that enabled this study.
vii
Abstract
Ghillean T. Prance (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB,
UK). Humiriaceae. Flora Neotropica Monogr. 122. A taxonomic monograph of the
Humiriaceae is presented. The family is almost exclusively neotropical with a single
species in West Africa (which is included here). Humiriaceae is a member of the
order Malpighiales close to the Erythroxylaceae, Ctenolophonaceae and Linaceae.
Sixty-five species in 8 genera are treated as well as 14 subspecific taxa. Two new
species are added, Humiriastrum purusensis and Vantanea aracaensis. Introductory
material on the wood anatomy and pollen and on the systematic position of
Humiriaceae is provided. Full descriptions, nomenclature, identification keys, at
least one illustration of each genus, and distribution maps of all species are provided.
Resumo
Ghillean T. Prance (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB,
UK). Humiriaceae. Flora Neotropica Monogr. 122. Esta monografia presenta os oito
gêneros da família Humiriaceae. Todas espécies, menos uma da África, são neo-
tropicais, distribuidos de Nicaragua até o sul do Brasil. Humiriaceae pertence à
Malpighiales perto à Erythroxylaceae, Ctenophonaceae e Linaceae. Há 65 espécies
em oito gêneros. São descritas duas espécies novas, Humiriastrum purusensis, e
Vantanea aracaensis. São incluidas descrições, nomenclatura, sinonímia, chaves
para identificação, e pelo menos uma illustração de cada gênero, além mapas de
distribuição de todas as espécies.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Taxonomic History of Humiriaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Relationships and Phylogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5 Wood Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 Pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8 Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9 Morphology of Humiriaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.1 Habit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.2 Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.3 Vestiture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.4 Inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.5 Calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6 Corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.7 Stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.8 Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.9 Gynoecium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.10 Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.11 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10 Systematic Treatment of Humiriaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.1 Duckesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2 Endopleura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10.3 Hylocarpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
10.4 Humiria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10.5 Humiriastrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
xi
xii Contents
10.6 Sacoglottis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.7 Schistostemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.8 Vantanea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Numerical List of Taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
List of Exsiccatae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Index of Local Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Index of Scientific names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
