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Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought In this book, Lydia Schumacher challenges the common assumption that early Franciscan thought simply reiterates the longstanding trad- ition of Augustine. She demonstrates how members of the early FranciscanschoolincorporatedtheworkofIslamicandJewishphiloso- phers,whosemajorwritingshadrecentlybeentranslatedfromArabic, with a view to developing a unique approach to questions of human nature. These questions pertain to perennial philosophical concerns about the relationship between the body and the soul, the work of human cognition and sensation, and the power of free will. By high- lighting the Arabic sources of earlyFranciscan viewson thesematters, Schumacher illustrates how scholars working in the early thirteenth century anticipated later developments in Franciscan thought which have often been described as novel or unprecedented. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the early Franciscan philosophy of human nature was formulated with a view to bolstering the order’s specific theologicalandreligiousideals.   is Reader in Historical and Philosophical TheologyatKing’sCollegeLondon.Shehaspublishedfivemonographs and five single edited volumes and was Principal Investigator of a European Research Council Starting Grant (2017–2021). Prior to taking her position at King’s College London, she held Lectureship positionsattheUniversityofEdinburghandtheUniversityofOxford. (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought Philosophical Background and Theological Significance LYDIA SCHUMACHER King’sCollegeLondon (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridge28,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009201117 :10.1017/9781009201131 ©CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment2023 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished2023 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData :Schumacher,Lydia,author. :HumannatureinearlyFranciscanthought:philosophicalbackgroundand theologicalsignificance/LydiaSchumacher,King’sCollegeLondon. :Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press,2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. :2022030490(print)|2022030491(ebook)| 9781009201117(hardback)|9781009201148(paperback)| 9781009201131(epub) ::Franciscans–Theology.|Psychology.|Psychology,Religious. :3602.3.S382022 (print)|3602.3 (ebook)| 271/.3–dc23/eng/20220815 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022030490 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022030491 978-1-009-20111-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) For my mother, Pamela (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) Contents Acknowledgements pagexi Key to Summa Halensis Citations xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1 ThePhilosophy ofthe Soulc.1150–1215 12 Twelfth-CenturyDevelopments 12 TheTranslationMovement 21 TheLatinReception 31 2 Theological Background: Early Masters atthe University of Paris 42 WilliamofAuxerre 44 PhiliptheChancellor 44 AlexanderofHales 47 RolandofCremona 49 HughofStCher 51 GuerricofStQuentin 54 WilliamofAuvergne 55 JohnofLaRochelle 56 Conclusion 61 3 TheSouland the Body 65 TheSubstanceoftheSoul 67 TheCompositionoftheSoul 71 TheSoul–BodyUnion 79 TheMediumBetweentheSoulandtheBody 94 Conclusion 101 vii (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) viii Contents 4 ThePowersof the Soul 104 TheUnityoftheSoul 104 TheIdentityoftheSoulwithitsPowersinJohnofLaRochelle 117 TheIdentityoftheSoulanditsPowersintheSummaHalensis 124 Conclusion 126 5 Cognitive Powers:Johnof La Rochelle’s Tractatus 129 TheTractatusandtheSummadeanima 129 TheContributionoftheTractatus 133 TheDivisionofthePowersinthePhilosophers 138 TheDivisionofthePowersintheDoctors 154 TheDivisionofthePowersinJohnofDamascus 155 TheDivisionofthePowersinAugustine 157 ComparingtheTractatusandtheSummadeanima 159 JohnofLaRochelle’sTractatus 161 JohnofLaRochelle’sSummadeanima 163 6 Cognitive Powers inJohn of La Rochelle’s Summa de anima 166 TheInternalSenses 167 TheIntellect 169 WilliamofAuvergne 176 Conclusion 179 7 TheReception of Averroes in Early Scholasticism 182 Aristotle 183 AlexanderofAphrodisias 184 Averroes 186 TheLatinReceptionofAverroes 189 TheHistoriographyofAverroes’Reception 190 ‘FirstAverroism’Reconsidered:Gauthier,Callus,andPhilip theChancellor 194 JohnofLaRochelleontheIntellectualPowers 199 8 Cognitive Powers:The Summa Halensis 205 TheSenses 207 IntellectualCognition 210 TheDivisionofPowersinAristotle 219 RevisitingFranciscan‘Augustinianism’ 225 9 TheAffections 228 NaturalandRationalWill(Thelesis/Boulesis) 230 TheConcupiscibleandIrasciblePowers 233 TypologyoftheAffections 238 AffectionsandSin 240 TheSummaHalensis 244 (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) Contents ix 10 Free Choice 249 Augustine 250 Anselm 252 JohnofDamascus 253 Twelfth-CenturyDevelopments 254 EarlyThirteenth-CenturyDevelopments 256 JohnofLaRochelle 260 AlexanderofHales 262 TheSummaHalensis 265 Anselm,AugustineandBernardonFreeChoice 268 FreeChoice:WillorReason? 270 AMetaphysicsofEvil 272 11 Angels 276 RelationtotheBody(EsseNaturale) 277 MetaphysicalStatus(EsseMetaphysicum) 280 Cognition(EsseRationale) 282 Freechoice(EsseTheologicum) 283 Conclusion 284 12 Conclusion 285 Bibliography 309 Index 335 (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17) (cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:1) (cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:17)

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