Table Of ContentHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Across the Lifespan
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
John S. Dacey
Boston College
John F. Travers
Boston College
Lisa Fiore
Lesley College
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8
ISBN: 978-0-07-338265-4
MHID: 0-07-338265-5
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dacey, John S.
Human development across the lifespan/John Dacey, John Travers, Lisa Fiore.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338265-4 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-338265-5 (alk. paper)
1. Developmental psychology. I. Travers, John. II. Fiore, Lisa B., 1970- III. Title.
BF713.D33 2008
155—dc22
2008007029
www.mhhe.com
From John Dacey and John Travers: This book is
dedicated with deep aff ection to the two people
who have helped us the most
—Linda Dacey and Barbara Travers, our wives.
From Lisa Fiore: To the people who have helped
me develop the most
—Steve, Matthew, and Talia.
About the Authors
John s. Dacey, Ph.D., is professor at Boston College in the
Department of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and
Research Methods. He began his career as a junior high social
studies teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in ado-
lescent and adult development, he is the author of 12 books
and nearly 30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general
human development. His most recently published book is enti-
tled Your Anxious Child. He is currently fi nishing a book on
parental techniques for promoting family cohesion.
John Travers, is professor at Boston College in the Depart-
ment of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and Research
Methods. He began his career as a junior high social studies
teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in adolescent
and adult development, he is the author of 12 books and nearly
30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general human devel-
opment. His most recently published book is entitled Your
Anxious Child. He is currently fi nishing a book on parental
techniques for promoting family cohesion.
Lisa fi ore, is professor at Boston College in the Department
of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and Research
Methods. She began his career as a junior high social studies
teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in adolescent
and adult development, she is the author of 12 books and nearly
30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general human devel-
opment. Her most recently published book is entitled Your
Anxious Child. She is currently fi nishing a book on parental
techniques for promoting family cohesion.
iv
Brief Contents
8
1 Psychosocial Development in
part Introduction
Early Childhood 192
5
part Middle
1
Lifespan Psychology: An
Introduction 1 Chi ldhood
2
Theories of Development:
Interpreting the Lifespan 26
9
Physical and Cognitive
2
part Beginnings Development in Middle
Childhood 222
10
Psychosocial Development in
Middle Childhood 258
3
The Biological Basis of
Development 49
6
4 Pregnancy and Birth 76 part Adolescence
3
part Infancy
11
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence 289
12
Psychosocial Development in
5
Physical and Cognitive
Adolescence 320
Development in Infancy 104
6
Psychosocial Development in
Infancy 140 part 7 Early
Adulthood
4
part Early
Childhood
13 Physical and Cognitive
Development in Early
7 Adulthood 349
Physical and Cognitive
14
Development in Early Psychosocial Development in
Childhood 162 Early Adulthood 371
v
vi Brief Contents
8 9
part Middle part Lat e Adulthood
Adu lthood
17
Physical and Cognitive
15 Physical and Cognitive Development in
Development in Middle Late Adulthood 443
Adulthood 395 18 Psychosocial Development in
16 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 469
Middle Adulthood 417 19 Dying and Spirituality 488
Table of Contents
The Cognitive Developmental Approach 34
Part 1 Introduction
Key Concepts in Jean Piaget’s Theory 34
How Does the Theory Actually Work? 36
The Cultural Framework Approach 36
1
Lifespan Psychology: An Lev Vygotsky’s Theory 37
The Behavioral Approach 38
Introduction 1
Skinner and Operant Conditioning 38
Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning 40
An Example of Development Through The Lifespan 3
Barack Obama—The Promise of Development 3 A Bioecological Model 41
Thinking About Lifespan Development 4 Developmental Theory: Current Status, Future Direction 41
Why Study The Lifespan? 4 Change in the Field 42
What Is Development? 5 Interactions Among Levels of Development 42
Changing Views of the Lifespan 6 Developmental Systems Theory 43
Childhood 7 Final Theoretical Notes 44
Adolescence: A Time of Storm, Stress, Conclusion & Summary 47
or Calm? 8 Key Terms 47
Adulthood 10 What Do You Think? 48
Changing Perspectives on Aging 10 Chapter Review Test 48
The Importance of Biopsychosocial Interactions 13
Understanding Children’s Cultures 13
Part 2 Beginnings
Contributors to Biopsychosocial
Interactions 15
Issues in Lifespan Development 16
Continuity versus Discontinuity 16 3
The Biological Basis of
Nature vs. Nurture 17
Development 49
Developmental Research 18
Data Collection Techniques 18
The Fertilization Process 51
Time Variable Designs 20
Beginnings 52
Conclusion & Summary 23
The Menstrual Cycle 52
Key Terms 24
Infertility 55
What Do You Think? 24
Causes of Infertility 55
Chapter Review Test 25
Assisted Reproduction Techniques 56
2 Adoption 57
Theories of Development:
Heredity at Work 60
Interpreting the Lifespan 26 Chromosomes and Genes 61
DNA: Structure and Function 62
The Psychoanalytic Tradition 28 Genetic Counseling 64
Structures of the Mind 29 How Traits Are Transmitted 65
The Developing Personality 29 Hereditary Disorders 66
Psychosocial Crises and Development 31 The Human Genome Project 68
Erik Erikson’s View 31 How The Human Genome Project Began 70
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages 31 Ethical, Legal, and, Social Implications 71
vii
viii Table of Contents
Conclusion & Summary 73 What Do You Think? 138
Key Terms 73 Chapter Review Test 139
What Do You Think? 74 6
Psychosocial Development
Chapter Review Test 74
in Infancy 140
4
Pregnancy and Birth 76
The Meaning of Relationships 142
The Prenatal World 78 Characteristics of the Developing Relationship 142
The Germinal Period 79 How Do Children Develop Relationships? 143
The Embryonic Period 79 The Role of Reciprocal Interactions 144
Emergence of the Nervous System 80 Parental Roles: Expectations For a Relationship 145
The Fetal Period 82 Attachment 147
Infl uences on Prenatal Development 85 Bowlby’s Work 147
Maternal Infl uences 85 Attachment Research 148
Teratogens 87 Fathers and Attachment 151
Infectious Diseases 88 Differences in Mother/Father Behavior 151
Chemicals 90 Temperament 152
Diagnosing Fetal Problems 92 The Origins of Temperament 152
The Birth Process 93 The Dimensions of Temperament 153
Stages in the Birth Process 94 Early Emotional Development 155
Birth Complications 96 Defi ning Emotion 156
The Special Case of Prematurity 97 Role of Emotions in Development 156
Conclusion & Summary 101 Emotion Regulation 157
Key Terms 101 Analyzing Emotional Expressions 158
What Do You Think? 101 Conclusion & Summary 159
Chapter Review Test 102 Key Terms 160
What Do You Think? 160
Part 3 Infancy Chapter Review Test 160
Part 4 Early Childhood
5
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Infancy 104
7
Physical and Cognitive Development
Physical Development In Infancy 106 in Early Childhood 162
Development Milestones of Infancy 106
Nutrition 107 Physical and Motor Development 164
Brain Development 108 Features of Physical Development 164
An Infant’s Brain, Neurons, and Communication 111 Sequence of Early Childhood Growth 165
Neonatal Refl exes 113 Continuing Brain Development 165
Neonatal Assessment Techniques 115 Boys’ and Girls’ Brains 166
Motor Development 117 Infl uences on Physical Development in Early
Neonatal Problems 118 Childhood 168
Perceptual Development 122 Growing Motor Skills 169
The Meaning of Perception 122 Cognitive Development 172
Visual Perception 123 Piaget’s Preoperational Period 172
Visual Adaptation 123 Information Processing Theory 176
Auditory Perception 124 Children’s Theory of Mind 177
Cognitive Development 125 Early Childhood Education 179
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period 125 Piaget and Montessori 179
Criticisms of Piaget 127 Project Head Start 180
Information Processing in Infancy 128 Language Development 181
Language Development 131 Language as Rule Learning 183
Acquiring Their Language 132 The Pattern of Language Development 183
The Pace of Language Acquisition 133 Language Irregularities 184
Key Signs of Language Development 135 Bilingualism 185
Conclusion & Summary 138 Conclusion & Summary 189
Key Terms 138 Key Terms 190
Table of Contents ix
What Do You Think? 190 Conclusion & Summary 255
Chapter Review Test 190 Key Terms 256
8 What Do You Think? 256
Psychosocial Development
Chapter Review Test 256
in Early Childhood 192
10
Psychosocial Development
The Family in Development 194 in Middle Childhood 258
A Changing View of the Family 194
Parents and Their Children 195 The Changing Sense of Self 260
Siblings and Development 197 The Developing Self-Concept 260
Children of Divorce 200 Self-Esteem and Competence 261
Nonparental Child Care 202 Children and Self-Regulation 263
The Self Emerges 207 The Infl uence of Peers 265
The Development of Self 207 Children’s Friendships 266
Changes in the Developing Self 208 Peers in Middle Childhood 266
The Role of Gender in Development 209 Schools and Middle Childhood 268
Defi nition of Terms 210 Are Schools Really That Important? 268
Theories of Gender Development 210 Do Teachers Make a Difference? 269
Acquiring Gender Identity 211 Schools and Development 273
Gender Stereotyping 213 Television and Development 275
The Importance of Play 215 Television and Cognitive Development 275
The Meaning of Play 215 Television and Violence 277
Developmental Aspects of Play 216 Stress in Childhood 278
Conclusion & Summary 220 Types of Stress 280
Key Terms 220 Why Children React Differently to Stress 280
What Do You Think? 220 Abused Children 282
Chapter Review Test 221 The Special Case of Sexual Abuse 283
Resilient Children 284
part 5 Middle Conclusion & Summary 287
Key Terms 287
Childhood What Do You Think? 287
Chapter Review Test 288
9
Physical and Cognitive Development
6
in Middle Childhood 222 part Adolescence
Physical Development 224
Brain Development During the Middle Childhood 11
Physical and Cognitive
Years 225
Development in Adolescence 289
Nutrition 227
Children Who Are Exceptional 229
What Is Adolescence and When Does It Start? 291
Cognitive Development 230
Theories of Adolescence 294
Piaget and Concrete Operations 230
Anna Freud’s Psychological Theory 294
New Ways of Looking at Intelligence 232
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 295
Thinking and Problem Solving 237
John Hill’s Biopsychosocial Theory 297
Children and Thinking Skills 237
Physical Development 299
Problem-Solving Strategies 240
Your Reproductive System 299
The DUPE Model 242
When Does Puberty Start? 302
The Big6 Skills Method 243
The Secular Trend 303
Moral Development 244
Body Image and Eating Disorders 304
The Path of Moral Development 245
The Athletic Body and Eating Disorders 306
Piaget’s Explanation 246
The Role of Stress 306
Kohlberg’s Theory 247
Cognitive Development 307
Gilligan’s In a Different Voice 248
Variables in Cognitive Development: Piaget 308
Language Development 250
Emotions and Brain Development 309
Changes in Usage 251
Adolescent Egocentrism 310
Children and Their Books 252
Critical Thinking 311
The Issue of Literacy 252
x Table of Contents
Creative Thinking 312 Patterns of Work 363
Mental Health Issues 314 The Phenomenon of the Dual-Career Family 364
Conclusion & Summary 317 Home-Based Work 365
Key Terms 318 Conclusion & Summary 368
What Do You Think? 318 Key Terms 368
Chapter Review Test 319 What Do You Think? 369
Chapter Review Test 369
12
Psychosocial Development in
14
Adolescence 320 Psychosocial Development
in Early Adulthood 371
Changing American Families and Their Roles in
Adolescent Life 321 Marriage and the Family 372
The Loss of Functions 321 Changing American Marriages and Families 372
The Effects of Divorce 323 Types of Marriage 375
The Nurturing Parent 325 Personal Development 376
Peer Relations 326 The Adult Life Cycle: Levinson 376
Developmental Patterns of Peer Groups 326 Seasons of a Man’s Life: Levinson 377
Functions of Peer Groups 328 Intimacy versus Isolation: Erikson 380
Sexual Behavior 329 Sexual Identity and Gender Roles 381
Stages of Sexuality 330 Aspects of Gender Role 383
Autosexual Behavior 330 The Traditionalist View 383
Homosexual Behavior 331 Evolutionary Psychology 383
Heterosexual Behavior 331 Androgyny 384
Sexually Transmitted Infections 335 Male versus Female Identity 384
AIDS 335 Interpersonal Relations 386
Other Sexually Transmitted Infections 337 Sexuality 387
The Teenage Parent 340 Marital Practices 387
Illegal Behavior 342 Forms and Factors of Love: Sternberg 388
Substance Abuse 342 Validation: Fromm 390
Criminal Behavior 343 Conclusion & Summary 392
Conclusion & Summary 345 Key Terms 392
Key Terms 346 What Do You Think? 393
What Do You Think? 347 Chapter Review Test 393
Chapter Review Test 347
8
part Middle
7
part Early
Adulthood
Adulthood
15
Physical and Cognitive Development
13
Physical and Cognitive in Middle Adulthood 395
Development in Early Adulthood 349
Physical Development 396
Initiation into Adulthood 351 Health 396
The Transition to Adulthood in the United Muscular Ability 398
States 351 Sensory Abilities 398
Implications of the Lack of an Initiation The Climacteric 399
Ceremony 352 Cognitive Development 402
Physical Development 354 Intelligence 402
The Peak Is Reached 355 New Views of Intelligence 403
Organ Reserve 356 The Development of Creativity 405
The Effect of Lifestyle on Health 356 Learning Ability 408
Cognitive Development 360 Patterns of Work 410
Intellectual/Ethical Development 360 Special Challenges for the Working Woman 411
“Women’s Ways of Knowing” 362 The Midcareer Crisis 412
