Hospital-based Injury and Violence Prevention Programs: The Trauma Center Guide for all Healthcare Professionals

146 Pages·2023·3.767 MB·English

by  Christy Adams, Glen Tinkoff

Hospital-based
Injury and Violence
Prevention Programs
The Trauma Center
Guide for all Healthcare
Professionals
Christy Adams
Glen Tinkoff
Editors
123
Hospital-based Injury and Violence
Prevention Programs
Christy Adams • Glen Tinkoff
Editors
Hospital-based Injury
and Violence Prevention
Programs
The Trauma Center Guide
for all Healthcare Professionals
Editors
Christy Adams Glen Tinkoff
UC Davis Health Case Western Reserve University School
University of California, Davis of Medicine
Sacramento, CA, USA University Hospitals
Cleveland, OH, USA
ISBN 978-3-031-20356-5 ISBN 978-3-031-20357-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20357-2
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The critical importance of injury prevention is highlighted by the simple fact that
more than half of trauma-related deaths occur within minutes of injury, and there
are no treatments that can improve survival for these patients. Injuries are not acci-
dents—they are understandable and predictable events that have defined and pre-
ventable causes. Prevention is the vaccine for the disease we know as “injury.” Like
infectious diseases, injury requires a vector for transmission, has proximate causes,
and is impacted by social determinants. Injury can spread in a community the way
an infection does and become endemic within that community.
Injury represents a major public health problem in the USA and worldwide, it
should be addressed the same way we have successfully addressed other major pub-
lic health problems. This seems intuitive, but for the acute care clinicians in trauma
centers who manage one injured patient over a finite period, it unfortunately is not.
However, if our trauma centers are to effectively address the needs of their patients
and the communities they serve, as is their mission, it is important that they take a
public health approach that addresses the risk of injury upstream the way it does for
diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke.
The American College of Surgery Committee on Trauma (ACS COT) recog-
nized this three decades ago and codified the concept of a hospital-based injury
prevention program with a program coordinator. With the publication of the
Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient: 1993, ACS COT, this document,
which establishes the necessary resources of trauma centers at all levels, estab-
lished injury prevention programs as a mandatory resource that each trauma center
must have. However, little guidance or structure was provided regarding develop-
ment, implementation, or monitoring of effectiveness of this injury prevention pro-
gram requirement.
Despite this lack of direction, hospital-based injury and violence prevention
(HIVP) programs have evolved with subsequent editions of Resources for Optimal
Care of the Injured Patient in 1999, 2006, and 2014. In the current 2022 iteration of
Resources for the Optimal Care of the Injured Patient, all ACS verified trauma cen-
ters are required to have a designated injury prevention professional, to prioritize
injury prevention work based on local injury trends, and to implement at least two
clearly defined injury prevention activities in collaboration with community part-
ners during each verification cycle. This evolution has led to the establishment of
several model HIVP programs nationally. These programs are not only effectively
v
vi Preface
integrated within the trauma center’s administrative and clinical activities but also
the injury and violence prevention activities of the communities their healthcare
systems serve and regional or state trauma systems in which they participate. The
efforts of these programs, when sustained, have been validated to successfully
reduce the burden of injury.
Yet, this development of effective HIVP programs has often been sporadic and
hampered by lack of administrative, resources, and financial support, and the
COVID-19 pandemic most recently. Furthermore, the professionals tasked with
managing these programs often have clinical backgrounds and lack training in the
fundamental public health concepts of injury prevention. In response to these issues,
several professional organizations have made significant efforts, both individually
and collaboratively, to address the needs of these HIVP professionals and programs.
As a benefit of these efforts, model programs and educational opportunities in HIVP
have been identified and disseminated.
It is with this background that we have endeavored to enlist thought leaders in
this field to provide their insight and perspectives regarding the development and
implementation of effective HIVP programs. This effort has yielded this unique
offering, titled “Hospital-based Injury and Violence Prevention Programs: The
Guide for All Trauma Center Professionals.” The public health principles set forth
within this book’s chapters are deliberative, time-tested, and, where possible, vali-
dated. Its publication marks the first book of its kind that specifically addresses the
needs of those who work diligently and passionately to achieve “immunity” from
preventable injury within the communities they serve, our HIVP professionals. We
and the authors, thank you for your interest in this offering, and encourage and value
your feedback on the content contained within.
Hartford, CT, USA Brendan Campbell
Cleveland, OH, USA Glen Tinkoff
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Christy Adams and Glen Tinkoff
2 Public Health Fundamentals for an Effective
Approach to Injury Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Shelli Stephens-Stidham and Beverly Miller
3 Cultural Humility in Hospital-Based Injury
and Violence Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Randi N. Smith, Christine Castater, and Thea James
4 Building Injury Prevention Capacity Through Community
Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Dawn Porter, Beverly Miller, and Christy Adams
5 Developing a Data-Driven Approach for Injury and Violence
Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Sandra Strack Arabian, Glenn Tinkoff, and Christy Adams
6 Ensuring an Evidence-Based Approach to Injury Prevention
Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Courtney Edwards and Purnima Unni
7 Conducting Research in Community- Based Injury Prevention . . . . . . 87
Pina Violano and Beverly Miller
8 Business Planning to Sustain Injury Prevention Programming . . . . . . 101
Stewart R. Williams and Glen Tinkoff
9 Understanding the Role of Advocacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Pina Violano, Sue Prentiss, Jennifer Rubin, Glen Tinkoff,
and Christy Adams
10 Resources for Hospital-Based Injury and Violence
Prevention Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Jennifer Rubin and Christy Adams
vii
About the Authors
Christy Adams, RN, MPH, PhD has served as Coordinator for the Trauma

Prevention and Outreach Program at UC Davis Health since 2007. Christy has
developed community partnerships in multiple areas of injury prevention including
senior fall prevention, traffic safety, youth violence intervention, and childhood
safety. She served as the chair for the American Trauma Society Injury Prevention
Council from 2018 to 2022 and is the faculty lead for the Injury Prevention
Coordinators Course. She is a member of the California Department of Public
Health Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant advisory committee and
Crash Medical Outcomes Data advisory committee.
Christine Castater, MD, MBA is a "non-traditional" student who decided to pur-

sue medicine after being a victim of violence. She finished her BA, MD, and MBA
all from the University of Connecticut, Surgery Residency at UCSF East Bay, and
Trauma Critical Care Fellowship at Emory University/Grady Hospital. She now
works at Wellstar Kennestone Hospital in Marietta, Georgia. Her research interests
include trauma informed care, violence prevention, and post-traumatic stress disor-
der. She has spoken multiple times on post-traumatic stress disorder and on her path
from trauma survivor to trauma surgeon.
Brendan T. Campbell, MD, MPH, FACS is a Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics

at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine and holds the Donald W. Hight
Endowed Chair in Pediatric Surgery and serves as the Chief Surgical Quality Officer
at Connecticut Children’s in Hartford. Dr. Campbell has a broad interest in clinical
pediatric surgery including neonatal surgery, pediatric thoracic surgery, solid
tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, and trauma. His research is focused on child-
hood injury prevention with a focus on pediatric firearm injury and health services
research related to pediatric surgical quality. Dr. Campbell is a member of the
Executive Committee of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma
and Chairs the Injury Prevention and Control Committee.
Courtney Edwards, DNP, MPH, RN is the Director of Trauma Community

Outreach and BioTel EMS at Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas. Dr. Edwards is respon-
sible for the design, implementation, and evaluation of evidence supported injury
ix
x About the Authors
prevention and outreach programs. She is focused on building community partner-
ships, directing program growth and improvement projects to support Parkland’s
premier trauma program. As a leader within the Parkland/UTSW BioTel EMS sys-
tem, Dr. Edwards supports the daily operations of an EMS communication center
serving 13 area EMS agencies and a growing Social Work division. Dr. Edwards
continues to provide direct bedside care as a member of the Trauma Team.
Thea James, MD, MPH, MBA is Vice President of Mission, Associate Chief

Medical Officer and Co-Executive Director of the Health Equity Accelerator at
Boston Medical Center. She is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and
Director of the Violence Intervention Advocacy Program at BMC. Dr. James is a
founding member of the Health Alliance for Violence Intervention (the HAVI). In
2011, she was appointed to Attorney General Eric Holder’s National Task Force on
Children Exposed to Violence. As Vice President of Mission Dr. James aims to fos-
ter innovative, upstream, effective new models of care that are rooted in racial equity
and economic mobility. This approach is powered by intentionality for patients and
communities to thrive.
Beverly Miller, MEd retired in 2019 from the Injury Prevention Center (IPC) at

the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital.
As the Associate Director, she led the development of multiple programs and
research studies that had a sustained and positive impact on the rate of injury-related
deaths among children in the state. During the first 10 years after establishment of
the IPC as an institutional commitment, all injury-related deaths were reduced by
over 30% and unintentional injuries were reduced by 57%. Ms. Miller earned a
Master’s Degree in Education from the University of Arkansas.
Dawn Porter, MS, CHES is the Intentional Injury Prevention Program Specialist

at the Injury Prevention Center (IPC), Arkansas Children’s Hospital. She has 9
years’ experience as a health educator at the IPC as the Safer Teen Driving Program
Coordinator and Infant and Child Death Review Program Coordinator. She recently
graduated from the University of Central Arkansas, with a Master’s of Science with
emphasis on Health Promotion. She is a second-year doctorate student in the
Doctoral of Leadership in Equity and Inclusion program at the University of Central
Arkansas.
Suzanne Prentiss, BA, MPA, NRP has held leadership positions in health care

and public safety at the national, state, and local levels. In 1992, she was the Project
Director for Dartmouth Medical Schools federally funded rural health focused on
improving the primary care safety net through strengthening the EMS system.
Prentiss was named Executive Director of the American Trauma Society in 2018. In
November 2020, Prentiss was elected to the NH Senate. Sue served six terms as a
Lebanon City Councilor and completed two terms as Mayor. Prentiss is a graduate
of Saint Michael's College, University of Phoenix, Senior Executives in State and
Local Government at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.
About the Authors xi
Jennifer Rubin, BA is an Injury Prevention Specialist at UC Davis Health in

Sacramento, CA. Her position includes serving as the Safe Kids Greater Sacramento
Coalition Coordinator, and as a Child Passenger Safety Technician and Instructor.
She is also a Master Trainer for A Matter of Balance and co-leads the StopFalls
Sacramento coalition. Before joining UC Davis Health, Ms. Rubin served as the
Injury Prevention Program Lead for Dignity Health Mercy San Juan Medical Center
and Public Education Officer for the Cosumnes CSD Fire Department. Ms. Rubin
holds a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from Sonoma State University.
Randi N. Smith, MD, MPH is an Associate Professor of Surgery at Emory

University in Atlanta, Georgia. She serves as a trauma surgeon and surgical ICU
doctor at Grady Memorial Hospital. Her special interests include violence preven-
tion, trauma-informed care, and clinical outcomes with a focus on understanding
the social determinants of health that lead to trauma and health inequities.
Shelli Stephens-Stidham, MPA is a Senior Program Consultant at the Safe States

Alliance. She is a past president of Safe States and past chair of the Injury Control
and Emergency Health Services Section of the American Public Health Association.
She served as co-chair of the National Training Initiative for Injury and Violence
Prevention (NTI) and served on the committee that developed core competencies
for injury and violence prevention professionals. She is a member of the External
Advisory Committee for the University of North Carolina Injury Prevention
Research Center. She is also a co-founder of the Texas Injury Prevention Leadership
Collaborative.
Sandra Strack Arabian, MBA, NREMT, CSTR, CAISS Is the Trauma Program

Director at Tufts Medical Center, a level I ACS verified Trauma Center in Boston,
MA. She is The Chair of the Healthcare Management and Informatics MBA pro-
gram at Cambridge College in Boston. She has over 30 years of proven, successful,
leadership skills in organizational management, Healthcare Management, Analytics,
and Injury Prevention. Sandy has authored and co-authored several trauma-related
and injury prevention articles published in peer-reviewed journals and has presented
her work in many national forums.
Glen Tinkoff, MD, FACS, FCCM is the System Chief for Trauma and Acute Care

Surgery at University Hospitals and Professor of Surgery at the Case Western
Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. He led the effort to
form the Trauma Prevention Coalition, which represents the major trauma-related
professional organizations through development and promotion of effective collab-
orative strategies in injury and violence prevention and was its inaugural chairper-
son. For these efforts, Dr. Tinkoff was awarded the National Safety Council’s
Surgeon’s Award for Service to Safety.
Pina Violano, PhD, MSPH, RN, PMGT-BC, CCRN is a registered nurse with

over 40 years of experience in critical care, emergency and trauma care, nursing