Hormones and their Actions Part IISpecific actions of protein hormones

383 Pages·1988·19 MB·English

by  B.A. Cooke

HORMONES AND THEIR ACTIONS
PART I1
Specific actions of protein hormones
New Comprehensive Biochemistry
Volume 18B
General Editors
A. NEUBERGER
London
L.L.M. van DEENEN
Utrecht
ELSEVIER
-
Amsterdam New York Oxford
Hormones and their Actions
Part I1
Specific actions of protein hormones
Editors
B.A. COOKE
Department of Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University
of London, Rowland Hill Street, Loridon NW3 2PF, England
R.J.B. KING
Hormone Biochemistry Department, Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Laboratories, P. 0. Box No. 123, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
London WC2A 3PX, England
H.J. van der MOLEN
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver- Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Z.W .O .),
Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Deri Haag, The Netherlands
1988
ELSEVIER
-
Amsterdam New York Oxford
0
1988, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division)
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ISBN 0-444-80997-X (volume)
ISBN 0-444-80303-3 (series)
Published by: Sole distributors for the USA and Canada:
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division) Elsevier Science Publishing Company. Inc.
P.O. Box 21 I 52 Vanderbilt Avenue
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 2)
Hormones and their actions
(New comprehensive biochemistry ; v. 18B- )
Includes bibliographies and index.
I. Hormones--Physiological effect. 2. Hormones-
Physiology. I. Cooke. Brian A. 11. King. R. J. B.
(Roger John Benjamin) 111. Molen. H. J. van der.
IV. Series: New comprehensive biochemistry ; v. 18B. etc.
QD415.N48 vol. IXB, etc. 574.19’2 [612’.405] 88-16501
[QP571]
ISBN 0-444-80996-1 (Pt, I)
ISBN 0-444-80997-X (pt. 2)
Printed in The Netherlands
V
List of contributors
P.Q. Barrett, 93, 211
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, U.S.A.
L. Birnbaumer, 1
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A.
W.B. Bollag, 211
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, U.S.A.
A.M. Brown, 1
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S .A .
J. Codina, 1
Baylor College of Medicine, ,Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A.
P.M. Conn, 135
Department of Anatomy, Wright State University, School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
45435, U.S.A.
B.A. Cooke, 155, 163
Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medi-
cine, University of London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
K.D. Dahl, 181
Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, M-025, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A.
C. Denef, 113
Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Cam-
pus Gasthuisberg, 8-3000 Leuven, Belgium
J.H. Exton, 231
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular Physiology
and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232,
U.S.A.
W.J. Gullick, 349
Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Cell and Molecular Bi-
ology Section, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Fulham Road, London, S W3 6JB,
England
G.R. Guy, 47
Biochemistry Department, University of Birmingham, P. 0. Box 363, Birmingham
B15 2TT, England
P.J. Hornsby, 193
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta,
GA 30912, U.S.A.
vi
M.D. Houslay, 321
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Biohemistry, University of Glas-
gow, Glasgow GI2 8QQ, Scotland
A.J.W. Hsueh, 181
Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, M-025, University of
California, Sari Diego, La Jolla, CA 9209.3, U.S.A .
L. Jennes, 135
Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City,
IA 52242-1109, U.S.A.
N.C. Khanna, 63
Cell Regulation Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, The University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alhertu, Cariada T2N 4Nl
C.J. Kirk, 47
Biochemistry Department, University of Birmingham, P. 0. Box 363, Birmingham
B15 2TT, Etiglarid
R. Mattera, 1
Baylor College of Medicirie, Houston. TX 77030, U.S .A.
H. Rasmussen, 93, 211
Yale University School of Medicirie, New Huveri, CT 06510, U.S.A.
F.F.G. Rommerts, 155, 163
Department of Biochemistry, The Medical Faculty, Erasrnus University, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
M. Tokuda, 63
Cell Regulation Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, The University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4NI
D.M. Waisman, 63
Cell Regulatiori Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, The University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alhertu, Canada T2N 4NI
M.J .O. Wakelam, 32 1
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Glas-
gow, Glasgow GI2 8QQ, Scotlarid
M. Wallis, 265, 295
Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Fal-
mer, Brighton BNI 9QG, Etiglarid
A. Yatani, 1
Baylor College of Medicine, Hoirstori, TX 77030, U.S .A .
vii
Contents
List of contributors . . . . . . . . v
Chapter 1 . G proteins and transmembrane signalling. by L . Birnbaumer.
J . Codina. R . Mattera. A . Yatani and A.M. Brown . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . The G proteins identified by function and purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. G,. the stimulatory regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Transducin (T). the light-activated GTPase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2.3. G, the inhibitory regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. G... a PTX substrate with an a subunit of M. 39000 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. (3,s. the regulatory components of phospholipase (PhL) activity . . . . . . . .
2.6. GL.t he activator of 'ligand-gated' K' channels: mechanism of muscarinic regulation of
atrial pacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 . G proteins detected by ADP-ribosylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1. Labeling with CTX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2. Labeling with PTX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 . G protein structure by cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1. The a subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2. The p subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3. The y subunit: its role as a membrane anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5 . G protein mediation of receptor regulation of ion channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1. Effects of inhibitory receptors on K+ channels in tissues other than heart atria . . . 32
5.2. Inhibitory regulation of voltage-gated Ca" channels: direct or indirect involvement of
a G protein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3. Stimulatory regulation of Ca" channels: direct G protein coupling in spite of regulation
by CAMP-dependent protein kinase A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6 . Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 2 . lnositol phospholipids and cellular signalling. by G .R . Guy and
C.J. Kirk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2 . Inositol phospholipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 . Role of GTP-binding proteins in receptor-response coupling . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4 . Products of phosphatidylinositol 4.5-bisphosphate hydrolysis and their roles as second
messengers in the cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1. Inositol trisphosphate and calcium mobilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
...
Vlll
4.2. Diacylglycerol mobilisation and the activation of protein kinase C . . . . . . . 52
5 . Metabolism of the hydrolysis products of PtdIns 4.5.P, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1. Inositol trisphosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.2. Diacylglycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6 . Fertilisation. proliferation and oncogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.1. Role of inositol lipid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.2. InHuence of ionophores and synthetic stimulators of protein kinase C . . . . . . 58
6.3. Oncogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7 . Release of arachidonic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.1. Mechanisms of arachidonate liberation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 3 . The role of calcium binding proteins in signal transduction. by
N.C. Khanna. M . Tokuda and D.M. Waisman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2 . The calcium transient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3 . Calcium binding proteins and signal transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4 . Calcium binding proteins: structure and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1. Extracellular calcium binding proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2. Membranous calcium binding proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3. lntracellular calcium binding proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.1. The ‘EF’ domain family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2. The annexin-fold family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.3. Miscellaneous calcium binding proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5 . Calcium binding proteins and cellular function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.1. Muscle contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1.1. Actin based regulation (skeletal and cardiac muscle) . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1.2. Myosin based regulation (smooth muscle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2. Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3. Secretion and exocytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4. Egg fertilization and maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.5. Cell growth and proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 4 . Mechanism of action of Ca2+-dependenth ormones. by
H . Rasmussen and P.Q. Barrett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2 . Cellular calcium metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.1. Plasma membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.2. Endoplasmic reticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.3. Mitochondria1 matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3 . Mechanisms of Ca” messenger generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4 . Messenger calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.1. Coordinated changes in PI and Ca” metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2. Smooth muscle contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3. Coordinate changes in CAMPa nd Ca” metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ix
4.3.1. K'mediated aldosterone secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.'2. Control of hepatic metabolism by glucagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5 . Synarchic regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4
5.1. Regulation of insulin secretion by CCK and glucose . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6 . Integration of extracellular messenger inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 5 . Mechanism of action of pituitary hormone releasing and inhibiting
factors. by C . Denef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
1 . The adenylate cyclase-CAMP system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.1. TRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.2. VIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.3. DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.4. LHRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1.5. CRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
1.6. Vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
1.7. GRF and SRIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2 . The Ca2' messenger system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.1. TRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.2. VIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.3. DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.4. LHRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.5. CRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.6. Vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.7. GRF and SRIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3 . The inositol polyphosphate-diacylglycerol-proteink inase C system . . . . . . . . . 123
3.1. TRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.2. VIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.3. DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.4. LHRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.5. CRF and vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.6. GRF and SRIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4 . Arachidonic acid derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1. TRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2. VIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3. DA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.4. LHRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.5. CRF and vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.6. GRF and SRIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5 . Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chapter 6 . Mechanism of gonadotropin releasing hormone action. by L . Jennes
and P.M. Conn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2 . Structure of GnRH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3 . The biochemical properties of the GnRH receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137