Table Of ContentENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH AND CLINICAL DEVELOPMENTS
H B
ORMONES AND EHAVIOR
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ENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH AND CLINICAL DEVELOPMENTS
HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR
DAVIS SIMONSEN
EDITOR
New York
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Contents
Preface vii
Chapter I Neuroendocrine Regulation of Sedation and Excitation
in Neonatal Chicks 1
Mitsuhiro Furuse, Mark A. Cline, Takashi Bungo
and Kunio Sugahara
Chapter II The Behavior of the Mother and Vasopressin 29
Anna Fodor and Dóra Zelena
Chapter III Inhibited TRHergic Pathway of Amygdala and Insular Cortex May
Participate in High Anxiety Levels and Decreased Food Intake
of Dehydrated-Induced Anorexic Rats 67
Patricia de Gortari, Elena Alvarez-Salas
and Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
Chapter IV Difference between Morning and Evening Thyrotropin Response to
Protirelin (TRH) and Prediction of Antidepressant Treatment
Outcome in Major Depression 85
Fabrice Duval, Marie-Claude Mokrani, Felix Gonzalez Lopera,
Claudia Alexa, Hassen Rabia, Xenia Proudnikova
and Alexis Erb
Chapter V Altered Energy Balance in Response to Sleep Restriction 105
Jessica McNeil, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Geneviève Forest
and Éric Doucet
Chapter VI Hormones in Breast Carcinogenesis 121
Veronika Brychtova and Roman Hrstka
Chapter VII Ecdysteroids and Honeybee Social Behaviors 135
Yurika Shiota and Takeo Kubo
vi Contents
Chapter VIII Changes in Appetite-Associated Hormone and Feeding Behavior in
Advanced Age: Suggestions from Basic Research 157
Tomohisa Hattori and Hiroshi Takeda
Index 171
Preface
In this book, the authors present current research in the study of hormones and behavior.
Topics include the neuroendocrine regulation of sedation and excitation in neonatal chicks;
the behavior of the mother and vasopressin; inhibited TRHergic pathway of amygdala and
insular cortex may participate in high anxiety levels and decreased food intake of dehydrated-
induced anorexic rats; the difference between morning and evening thyrotropin response to
protirelin(TRH); altered energy balance in response to sleep restriction; hormones in breast
carcinogenesis; ecdysteriods and honeybee social behaviors; and changes in appetite-
associated hormone and feeding behavior in advanced age.
Chapter I - The neuroendocrine system regulates arousal, and exogenous
intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of some neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in
chicks can cause excitation (moving more and vocalizing loudly), while others induce a
sedation state (being calm and moving less with or without hypnosis). One such excitatory
neuropeptide is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which when i.c.v. injected stimulates the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and induces excitation. However, this response is
dependent on stock: plasma corticosterone concentrations are higher in layer-type (layer) than
in meat-type (broiler) chicks. In contrast, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces sedation
with hypnosis partly through activation of adrenergic pathways, a response that is also stock
dependent: broiler chicks sleep more than layer chicks. Endogenous neurotransmitter systems
do not function independently: co-injection of CRF and GLP-1 caused intermediate
behaviors, implying that the two peptides interact in the chick brain. In addition to GLP-1,
norepinephrine and serotonin also interact with CRF, but through different mechanisms, to
attenuate CRF-induced behavior. Additionally, melatonin attenuated the stimulation of HPA
axis by CRF. Strain differences were observed in the factors of sleep and arousal. Melatonin
contents in several brain regions including the pineal grand are higher in broiler than in layer
chicks during the dark period. On the other hand, orexin-A increased arousal in layer, but not
in broiler chicks. In sum, various exogenously-administrated neuropeptides and
neurotransmitters cause excitation and sedation and are controlled by complex interactions in
chicks. Understanding these systems may contribute to the elucidation of various
physiological pathways, including those related to appetite, consciousness, and motivation.
Chapter II - Early mother-infant relationships exert important long-term effects in
offspring, and are disturbed by factors such as postpartum depression. The role of vasopressin
was confirmed in the development of anxiety and depression. Although these disturbances are
viii Davis Simonsen
more common in females, but most of the preclinical studies was done on males.
The relationship between anxiety/depression and maternal behavior has been explored across
species using a variety of approaches with the conculsion that individual differences in trait
anxiety predict variation in maternal behavior. The maternal brain undergoes remarkable
physiological and behavioral changes in the peripartum period to meet the demands of the
offspring. Here, the brain neuropeptide, vasopressin plays also an important role. This is
reflected by increased expression and intracerebral release of vasopressin, as well as
increased neuropeptide receptor expression and binding during the peripartum period. In
order to identify the contributions of vasopressin to the display of maternal behavior, various
complementary animal models of maternal care and/or maternal aggression were studied,
including rats selectively bred for differences in anxiety-related behavior, vasopressin
deficient Brattleboro rat strain, as well as local pharmacological or genetic manipulations of
the neuropeptide systems. The present review sumarizes data supporting the importance of
vasopressin in the regulation of spontaneous and induced maternal care, maternal aggression
as well as anxiety and depression-like behavior. The authors will highlight some important
brain areas, like the medial preoptic area, supposed to be major sites for vasopressin-mediated
maternal behavior. The conflicting behavioral data underscores the need for more gender
specific studies.
Chapter III - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide synthesized in the
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in other brain regions, is proposed
with neuromodulatory functions implicated in anorexic and anxiolytic effects. Female rats,
subjected to the dehydration-induced anorexia model (DIA) (drinking 2.5% NaCl solution for
7 days), present increased proTRH expression in anterior part of the PVN and inhibition of
food intake, when compared to controls drinking tap water or to a pair-fed group (forced-food
restricted, FFR), which eats the exact amount of food than DIA rats. DIA animals avoid food
in spite of their weight loss probably due to the sensorial attributes of the NaCl solution.
Thus, the authors evaluated here the activity of the TRHergic pathway in the insular cortex
(IC), involved in the perception of the sensorial characteristics of food to define whether TRH
in this region is altered and perhaps participates in the inhibited feeding of DIA rats. DIA rats
increase anxiety-like conduct when subjected to the defensive-burying behavioral test. Thus,
the authors also tried to evaluate the participation of the amygdaloid TRHergic pathway in the
increased anxiety scores of DIA animals by measuring mRNA levels of proTRH and TRH-
R1, as well as TRH content in the same region, and compared these values to those of control
and FFR groups of rats; they also measured proCRH expression due to its anxiogenic role.
The authors’ results suggest that the unadapted amygdaloid CRH and GR expression along
with an altered TRHergic pathway of amygdala and IC in DIA animals may be participating
in high anxiety levels and aberrant feeding behavior in these animals.
Chapter IV - Background: Early predictors of response are needed to improve
effectiveness of antidepressant treatment. This study sought to determine whether the
chronobiological evaluation of thyroid function at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment
could predict antidepressant response in hospitalized patients. Methods: The serum levels of
thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) were evaluated before and after 08.00 h and 23.00 h
protirelin (TRH) tests, on the same day, in 30 drug-free DSM-IV euthyroid major depressed
inpatients and 30 hospitalized controls. After 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment (extended-
release venlafaxine, n=15; tianeptine, n=15) the same TRH tests were repeated in all
inpatients. Antidepressant response was evaluated after 6 weeks of treatment. Results: At
