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The Origins of
Conflicts Worldwide
VOLUME 2
Sonia G. Benson, Editor
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T C
ABLE OF ONTENTS
Contents by Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii declared illegal by the Chinese government and suf-
fered violent suppression in the practice of its belief.
Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
China and the World Trade Organization:
About the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii Values in Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
The People’s Republic of China’s application for mem-
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii bership in the WTO is a controversial one due to its
economic and human rights policies.
A The Colombian U’wa Indians: Sacred
Land and Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Algeria’s Post-Colonial Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . .1
The U’wa Indians of Colombia have sued Occidental
Algeria’s civil war has been characterized by extreme
Petroleum Corporation in an effort to stop the com-
brutality.
pany’s exploration of territory they feel belongs to
“Mother Earth” alone. The Colombian government
must decide between its people and its profits.
Angola: Civil War and Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Angola’s civil war—and cold war politics—have dev-
astated the country since it won independence in the Cyprus: An Island Divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
1960s. Ethnic and religious tension and the long-standing
conflict between Greece and Turkey keep the island of
Cyprus divided.
Austria’s Shunning by the Global
Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
E
Western nations withdrew their ambassadors and sanc-
tioned Austria when the ruling government merged East Timor: The Path of Democracy for the
with a controversial right-wing party. World’s Newest Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
In 1999 East Timor erupted in bloodshed following a
vote for independence.
B
The Basques: The ETA and Separatism . . . . . . .34 The Ecuadorian Indigenous People’s
The Basque region is fighting a guerrilla war for sep- Movement: Autonomy and the
aration from Spain. Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Indigenous people in Ecuador overthrew the president
in January 2000, leading to the establishment of a junta,
C a small military government.
China and Religious Protest: The Falun
Gong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 European Union Conflict: The British Beef
The People’s Republic of China has maintained strict Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
control of its people’s religions. The Falun Gong, an The recent ban on the import of British beef highlights
order devoted to the teachings of Li Hongzhi, has been the economic conflict in the European Union.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
G N
Guatemala: Indian Testimony to a Native Americans: Centuries of Struggle
Genocidal War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Rigoberta Menchú sued Guatemala’s former leaders in The plight of Native Americans is an enduring con-
Spanish court for human rights abuses. She stands for flict of self-determination and occupation, protection
the thousands of Indians that suffered under the bru- and discrimination.
tal dictatorship of the former Guatemalan government.
Nigeria and Shari’a: Religion and Politics
in a West African Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
The Zamfara state repudiated Nigeria’s constitution
I
and adopted Islamic law.
The Iranian Revolution: Islamic
Fundamentalism Confronts Modern Northern Ireland: The Omagh Bomb,
Secularism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Nationalism, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Recent attempts at secularization in Iran have been met The region of Northern Ireland has endured six hun-
with resistance from Islamic fundamentalists. dred years of ethno-religious strife.
P
J
Peru’s Shining Path: Revolution’s End . . . . . . .236
Jerusalem: Divided City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
The Shining Path taught a philosophy of violent agrar-
A holy city for three religions, Jerusalem is of core im-
ian revolution in a country where the Indians feel mar-
portance in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
ginalized.
K R
The Korean Peninsula: A Fifty-Year Romania’s Cyanide Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Struggle for Peace and Reconciliation . . . . . . . .149 In 2000, a cyanide spill polluted rivers and drinking
The recent summit between North and South Korea, water in affecting five countries.
as well as the brief reunions for families separated for
fifty years, provides hope for the resolution of a seem-
ingly intractable conflict.
S
Kosovo: Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism . . . .157 South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation
In 1999 the United Nations and NATO occupied Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Kosovo, a province in the former Yugoslavia, in an at- South Africa formed a commission to investigate—and
tempt to protect the Muslim Albanian population from grant amnesty—for crimes committed under apartheid.
the Serbian military.
Sri Lanka: Civil War and
Ethno-Linguistic Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
The Sri Lankan civil war has emphasized the ethnic,
M linguistic, and religious differences between the
Sinhalese and Tamils.
Mexican-U.S. Border Relations:
Opportunities and Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Tensions between Mexico and the United States are
exasperated at its shared border because of the smug- T
gling of illegal goods, drugs, and immigrants.
Tibet: Struggle for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Tibet, land of Buddhists seeks independence from the
Mozambique: Independence and a Dirty ruling People’s Republic of China.
War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Mozambique has been attacked both directly and in-
directly by its African neighbors in an attempt to desta-
bilize a black-led government. U
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: Peace
Myanmar: The Agony of a People . . . . . . . . . . .188 and Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Rebel groups battle the government for self-determi- U.N. peacekeeping efforts are challenged regarding
nation in Myanmar. their efficacy and neutrality.
vi HISTORY BEHIND THE HEADLINES, VOLUME 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
U.S. Immigration: Sanctuary and redistribution from white farmers to underemployed
Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 blacks in a racially-charged atmosphere.
Immigration of foreigners into the United States has
been a long-debated and very controversial topic Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
among those who are already citizens of the country.
General Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Race and
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Zimbabwe, attempting to rebound from enormous
economic difficulties, struggles with the issue of land
HISTORY BEHIND THE HEADLINES, VOLUME 2 vii
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C S
ONTENTS BY UBJECT
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
Algeria’s Post-Colonial Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . .1 The Colombian U’wa Indians: Sacred
Land and Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Angola: Civil War and Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . .9
The Ecuadorian Indigenous People’s
China and the World Trade Organization: Movement: Autonomy and the
Values in Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Romania’s Cyanide Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Cyprus: An Island Divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
The Ecuadorian Indigenous People’s ETHNIC
Movement: Autonomy and the
Angola: Civil War and Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
The Basques: The ETA and Separatism . . . . . . .34
European Union Conflict: The British Beef
Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Cyprus: An Island Divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Guatemala: Indian Testimony to a
Kosovo: Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism . . . .157
Genocidal War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Mexican-U.S. Border Relations: Mexican-U.S. Border Relations:
Opportunities and Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Opportunities and Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Native Americans: Centuries of Struggle in Myanmar: The Agony of a People . . . . . . . . . . .188
North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Native Americans: Centuries of Struggle in
Peru’s Shining Path: Revolution’s End . . . . . . .236 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Romania’s Cyanide Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Nigeria and Shari’a: Religion and Politics
in a West African Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
U.S. Immigration: Sanctuary and
Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Northern Ireland: The Omagh Bomb,
Nationalism, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Race and
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Peru’s Shining Path: Revolution’s End . . . . . . .236
viii
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CONTENTS BY SUBJECT
Sri Lanka: Civil War and China and Religious Protest: The Falun
Ethno-Linguistic Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Gong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Tibet: Struggle for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . .271 East Timor: The Path of Democracy for the
World’s Newest Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
U.S. Immigration: Sanctuary and
Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 The Iranian Revolution: Islamic
Fundamentalism Confronts Modern
POLITICAL Secularism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Austria’s Shunning by the Global
Jerusalem: Divided City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Kosovo: Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism . . . .157
China and the World Trade Organization:
Values in Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Nigeria and Shari’a: Religion and
Politics in a West African Nation . . . . . . . . . . .214
European Union Conflict: The British Beef
Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Northern Ireland: The Omagh Bomb,
Nationalism, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
The Korean Peninsula: A Fifty-Year
Struggle for Peace and Reconciliation . . . . . . . .149
Sri Lanka: Civil War and
Ethno-Linguistic Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Mozambique: Independence and a Dirty
War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Tibet: Struggle for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . .271
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: Peace
and Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
TERRITORIAL
RACIAL Jerusalem: Divided City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation
Kosovo: Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism . . . .157
Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Native Americans:Centuries of Struggle in
Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Race and
North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Northern Ireland: The Omagh Bomb,
RELIGIOUS Nationalism, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Algeria’s Post-Colonial Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . .1
HISTORY BEHIND THE HEADLINES, VOLUME 2 ix
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A B
DVISORY OARD
Jerry H. Bentley is professor of history at the editor of the Lang Series on Studies on
University of Hawaii and editor of the Journal Modern Europe. He has published biographies
of World History.His research on the religious, on a series of European figures, written and
moral, and political writings of Renaissance edited more than twelve volumes, as well as
humanists led to the publication of Humanists publishing in a series of journals including the
and Holy Writ: New Testament Scholarship in Journal of Modern History and the Journal of
the Renaissance and Politics and Culture in Economic History, among others. He is editor
Renaissance Naples.More recently, his research of the Dictionary of Modern Italian Historyand
has concentrated on global history and partic- the Encyclopedia of the Vatican and Papacy.
ularly on processes of cross-cultural interac-
Bill Gaudelli received his Ed.D. in Social Studies
tion. His book Old World Encounters: Cross-
Education from Rutgers University in 2000.
Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern
He dissertation was on “Approaches to Global
Timesexamines processes of cultural exchange
Education.” He teaches at Hunterdon Central
and religious conversion before the modern
Regional High School (winner of the National
era, and his pamphlet “Shapes of World
Council for the Social Studies Programs of
History in Twentieth-Century Scholarship”
Excellence Award) and Teachers College-
discusses the historiography of world history.
Columbia University. Publications include
His current interests include processes of
“Teaching Human Rights through Conflict-
cross-cultural interaction and cultural ex-
Resolution” in Social Scienceand “Global Edu-
changes in modern times.
cation: a Viable Framework for an Issues-
Ken Bergerreceived his B.A. in East Asian Studies Centered Curriculum” in ERIC Documents.He
at Eckerd College and his M.A. in Asian is a member of the National Council for Social
Studies and M.S.L.S. from Florida State Studies and the American Forum for Global
University. He has been a librarian at Duke Education.
University since 1977, with almost all of his
Paul Gootenbergis a Professor of Latin American
time spent as a reference librarian and bibli-
History at SUNY-Stony Brook. A graduate of
ographer, including the last several years as
the University of Chicago and Oxford, he spe-
head of reference. He is currently the Project
cializes in the economic, social, and intellec-
Manager for the Library Service Center. He
tual history of the Andes and Mexico, and
has written hundreds of reviews in East Asian
more recently, the global history of drugs. He
studies, military affairs and history, and library
has published Between Silver and Guano
and information science.
(1989), Imagining Development (1993) and
Frank J. Coppais Professor of History at St. John’s Cocaine: Global Histories (1999). Gootenberg
University, Director of their doctoral program, has held many fellowships; they include
and Chair of the University’s Vatican Sym- Fulbright, SSRC, ACLS, Institute for
posium. He is also an Associate in the Colum- Advanced Study, Russell Sage Foundation, the
bia University Seminar on Modern Italy, and Rhodes Scholarship, and a Guggenheim. He
x
