Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology

749 Pages·2015·113.78 MB·English

by  Abraham L Kierszenbaum

http://booksmedicos.org
HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
An Introduction to Pathology
Fourth Edition
http://booksmedicos.org
This page intentionally left blank
http://booksmedicos.org
HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
An Introduction to Pathology
Fourth Edition
Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, M.D., Ph.D.
Emeritus Medical (Clinical) Professor
The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education
The City University of New York
New York, New York
Laura L. Tres, M.D., Ph.D.
Emeritus Medical (Clinical) Professor
The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education
The City University of New York
New York, New York
http://booksmedicos.org
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-323-31330-8
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current
information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered,
to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It
is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diag-
noses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from
any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kierszenbaum, Abraham L., author.
Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology / Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, Laura L. Tres. -- Fourth edition.
p. ; cm.

ISBN 978-0-323-31330-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Tres, Laura L., author. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Histology. 2. Pathologic Processes. 3. Cell Biology. 4. Pathology. QZ 4]
RB25
616.07--dc23
2014038010
Content Strategist: Meghan Ziegler
Content Development Specialist: Joanie Milnes
Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter
Project Manager: Ted Rodgers
Cover designer: Xiaopei Chen
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
http://booksmedicos.org
To our daughters Adriana and Silvia
To our grandchildren Ryan, Trevor, Kyle, and Marielle
To the beloved memory of our parents
http://booksmedicos.org
This page intentionally left blank
http://booksmedicos.org
PREFACE
The fourth edition of Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology contains revi-
sions and additions that strengthen the visual approach to learning histology within the
context of cell biology and pathology introduced in the previous editions. New in the fourth
edition are a greater emphasis on pathology topics and the online audiovisual version of the
histology-oriented Concept Mappings. The combined histology–cell biology–pathology
New in the fourth edition are a approach intends to prepare medical students for the forthcoming learning of pathophysiol-
greater emphasis on pathology ogy and clinical medicine. The practice of medicine changes relentlessly as new knowledge
topics and the online audiovisual
becomes known. Future physicians can find in this book the basis for continuing education
version of the histology-oriented
to better help their patients by constantly integrating basic and clinical sciences.
Concept Mappings.
The visual approach presented in this book emerged from many years of practicing pathol-
ogy and teaching cell biology, histology, and pathology to medical students. Through the
years, it became clear the need to communicate and reinforce relevant concepts of histol-
ogy and pathology to be mastered under increasing time constraints resulting from changes
in the basic science curriculum in most medical schools. The focal point of the teaching
approach is to provide medical students with an integrated method wherein the learning of
normal structure and pathologic conditions can reinforce each other. The cell biology and
The focal point of the teaching
approach is to provide medical pathology components, although not complete, provide the necessary foundation for further
students with an integrated method learning and integration with medical sciences. Pathology students and residents may find
wherein the learning of normal
this book useful for refreshing basic concepts of histology and cell biology. Histology and pa-
structure and pathologic conditions
thology are visually oriented sciences, and the visual cues included in this book can facilitate
can reinforce each other.
interpretation opportunities in clinical practice.
Similar to the previous editions, the fourth edition consists of six parts. Part I brings
together histology, cell biology, and general pathology within the context of the basic tissues.
Chapter 3, Cell Signaling, is an uncommon section in a histology book. It serves to unify
the concept that the study of tissues and organs cannot be separated from molecular biology
and general pathology. Parts II through VI present several organ systems grouped by their
most relevant function for the purpose of integration. Instructors and students may find the
grouping of organs useful for teaching and learning. Teachers may find the material benefi-
cial for delivering a lecture using the same or a different presentation sequence. In Part VI,
Organ Systems: The Reproductive System, the chapter headings depart from the traditional
designation to emphasize prominent functions. All the information is presented in a clear,
concise, and student-friendly manner using color graphics and photographs that are meant
to be studied. In some cases the graphics reiterate the concise text; in others they add new
information complementing or extending the text. Several boxes dispersed in most of the
chapters introduce students to clinical and pathologic conditions based on recent and evolv-
ing molecular and biochemical knowledge.
Most chapters include one or more Concept Mappings. Each Concept Mapping provides
Each Concept Mapping provides a a basic framework of interconnected concepts arranged in a hierarchical form leading to
basic framework of interconnected integration and critical thinking. Concept Mapping and Essential Concepts highlight key
concepts arranged in a hierarchi-
issues to remember, correlate, and extend in forthcoming courses during medical education.
cal form leading to integration and
Students may find the new online audiovisual version of Concept Mappings convenient for
critical thinking.
reviewing and integrating the material when the time of in-course and board examinations
arrives.
There are many people to be acknowledged and thanked. We are grateful for the numer-
ous suggestions, comments, and encouragements from faculty and students. All of them
provided valuable feedback to make the message clearer and more consistent. We also thank
publishers who made available to students the Chinese, French, Greek, Japanese, Portuguese,
Spanish, and Turkish editions. Our special appreciation goes to the production team of Else-
vier in the Philadelphia and St. Louis offices for their magnificent effort in making sure that
the fourth edition met high publishing standards.
Abraham L. Kierszenbaum and Laura L. Tres
vii
http://booksmedicos.org
This page intentionally left blank
http://booksmedicos.org
PART I | BASIC TISSUES AND INTEGRATED CELL BIOLOGY SSehcarpeeto oryf tphoer tsioencr:e Utonriyc eplolurltaior no,r 6m1u lticellular, 59 CO
AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Types of secretion, 61 N
Chapter 1 EPITHELIUM Mechanisms of secretion, 62 T
General classification of epithelia, 1 Plasma membrane and cytomembranes, 63 E
Concept Mapping | Types of epithelia, 1 Plasma membrane, 63 N
Epithelial cell polarity, 2 Phospholipid bilayer, 63 T
S
Apical differentiations, 2 Membrane proteins, 64
Cilia, 2 Freeze-fracture: Difference between a surface and a face, 65
Multiple motile cilia, 4 Transporter and channel proteins, 66
Single or primary non-motile cilium, 6 Endoplasmic reticulum, 67
Stereocilia (stereovilli), 6 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 67
Cell adhesion molecules, 6 Protein synthesis and sorting, 68
Cadherins, 6 Golgi apparatus, 68
Selectins, 9 Functions of the Golgi apparatus, 68
Ig superfamily, 9 Vesicle transport, 70
Integrins,10 Sorting of clathrin-coated vesicles and COP-coated
ADAM proteins, 11 vesicles, 70
Cell junctions, 12 Vesicle fusion to a target membrane: NSF and
Anchoring junctions, 13 SNARE proteins, 72
Zonula adherens or belt desmosome, 13 Lysosomal sorting pathway: M6P and its receptor, 72
Macula adherens or spot desmosome, 13 Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Cholesterol uptake, 72
Hemidesmosomes, 14 Clinical significance: Familial hypercholesterolemia, 74
Gap junctions or communicating junctions, 14 Lysosomes, 74
Clinical significance: Connexin mutations, 16 Phagocytosis, endocytosis, and macroautophagy, 76
Basement membrane, 16 Clinical significance: Lysosomal storage disorders, 79
Epithelium: Highlights to remember, 18 Mitochondria, 79
Cytoskeleton, 19 Mitochondria participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis
Microfilaments, 20 and thermogenesis, 82
Microtubules, 23 Clinical significance: Mitochondrial maternal
Centrosome, 24 inheritance, 82
The axoneme of cilia and flagella, 26 Peroxisomes, 83
Clinical significance: Microtubule-targeted drugs. Clinical significance: Peroxisomal disorders, 84
Sterility, 26 Concept Mapping | Epithelial Glands, 85
Microtubules: Cargo transport and motor proteins, 27 Essential Concepts | Epithelial Glands, 85
Axonal transport, 29
Myosin family of proteins, 29 Chapter 3 CELL SIGNALING
Myosin light-chain kinase, 30 Types of cell signaling and feedback action, 89
Intermediate filaments, 30 Hormones and ligands, 89
Hemidesmosomes and intermediate filaments, 34 Steroid hormones, 89
Clinical significance: Skin blistering diseases, 35 Peptide hormones and growth factors, 91
Cell nucleus, 36 Nitric oxide, 91
Nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex, 36 Neurotransmitters, 92
Nucleocytoplasmic transport: Ran-GTPase, 37 Cell signaling molecules binding, 91
Chromatin, 37 Cell surface receptors, 92
Dosage compensation: X chromosome inactivation, 38 G protein–coupled receptors, 92
Nucleolus, 41 Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, 92
Localization of nucleic acids, 43 Cytokine receptors, 94
Cell cycle, 43 Receptors linked to tyrosine phosphatases and
Autoradiography and FACS, 44 serine-threonine kinases, 94
Breakdown and reassembly of the nuclear envelope, 46 Major signal transduction pathways, 95
Tumor-suppressor genes: The retinoblastoma model, 47 The cAMP pathway, 95
Clinical significance: Retinoblastoma tumors, 49 The cGMP pathway, 96
Telomerase, senescence, and cancer, 49 The phospholipid–calcium pathway, 96
Mitosis, 49 The calcium–calmodulin pathway, 96
Clinical significance: The p53 signaling pathway, 50 The Ras, Raf, and MAP kinase pathway, 97
Mitosis, 50 The JAK-STAT pathway, 98
Basic Concepts of Medical Genetics, 50 NF-(cid:103)B transcription factor pathway, 98
Chromosomal disorders, 51 The integrin-actin pathway, 98
Mendelian inheritance: Single gene disorders, 52 General Pathology: Specific signaling pathways, 98
Concept Mapping | Human development and genetic General Pathology: Stem cell niches and stemness, 99
diseases, 53 Regenerative medicine by cell reprogramming, 100
Non-mendelian Inheritance, 54 Cell culture, 101
Karyotyping (chromosome analysis), 55 General Pathology: Cellular senescence and cancer, 102
Essential Concepts | Epithelium, 55 General Pathology: Cell and tissue injury, 103
Concept Mapping | Epithelial Differentiation, 56 Concept Mapping | Cell death, necrosis, and apoptosis, 104
General Pathology: Necrosis, 105
Chapter 2 EPITHELIAL GLANDS General Pathology: Apoptosis, 105
Development of epithelial glands, 59 What a nematode worm told us about apoptosis, 107
Classification of epithelial glands, 59 Extrinsic and intrinsic signals of apoptosis, 107
ix
HISTOLOGY and CELL BIOLOGY: An Introduction to Pathology