Table Of ContentThe Federal State Budgetary Educational
Institution of Higher Education
«Stavropol State Medical University»
Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
A.G. Sirak, E.I. Piskareva, M.A. Dolgashova,
A.N. Grigorova, O.V. Ljubanskaya, O.G. Magomedova,
A.P. Arutynova, M.O. Didenko, N.N. Didenko
HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
OF HUMAN BODIES
PART 2
The manual for foreign medical students
(in English)
Stavropol, 2020
1
УДК 611.1.2.3.4.6-018.821.8 (07)
ББК 28.706я73
Н 69
Histological structure organs and systems of human bodies. Part 2:
The manual for foreign medical students (in English) / A.G. Sirak, E.I. Piskareva,
M.A. Dolgashova et al. – Stavropol: Publisher StSMU, 2020. – 144 p.
Authors:
A.G. Sirak, MD, Professor head of the department of the Histology
Department StSMU;
E.I. Piskareva, PhD, Associate Professor of the Histology Department
StSMU;
M.A. Dolgashova, PhD, Associate Professor of the Histology Department
StSMU;
O.V. Lyubanskaya, PhD, Assistant of the Histology Department StSMU;
A.N. Grigorova, Assistant of the Histology Department StSMU;
O.G. Magomedova, Assistant of the Histology Department StSMU;
A.P. Arutyunova, Assistant of the Histology Department StSMU;
М.О. Didenko, Senior Laboratory Assistant of the Histology Department
StSMU;
N.N. Didenko (translated), junior researcher, Laboratory of Pharmacology
MPBC SIA of StSMU.
The manual contains information about the basic structures of human organs
and systems, included in the private histology section, and their functional
interaction. Much attention is paid to the basic structural and functional units that
determine the histofunctional characteristic of an organ. The manual is provided
with significant illustrative material. This manual is intended for independent work
of students of medical universities studying in English.
Reviewers:
Chukov S.Z., MD, professor, head of the department of pathological anatomy
StSMU;
Znamenskaya S.V., PhD in Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of
the Foreign Languages Department, Dean of the Foreign Students’ Faculty StSMU;
Dilekova O.V., D.Sc. in Biology, Associate Professor of the Department
of Parasitology and Veterinary Inspection, Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy
named after prof. S. N. Nikolsky of StSAU.
УДК 611.1.2.3.4.6-018.821.8 (07)
ББК 28.706я73
Н 69
Recommended for publication by the Publishing Council of Stavropol State Medical
University
© Stavropol State Medical
University, 2020
2
Федеральное государственное бюджетное
образовательное учреждение высшего образования
«Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет»
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
КАФЕДРА ГИСТОЛОГИИ
А.Г. Сирак, Е.И. Пискарева, М.А. Долгашова,
А.Н. Григорова, О.В. Любанская, О.Г. Магомедова,
А.П. Арутюнова, М.О. Диденко, Н.Н. Диденко
ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА
ОРГАНОВ И СИСТЕМ
ЧЕЛОВЕКА
ЧАСТЬ 2
Учебное пособие для иностранных студентов медицинских вузов
(на английском языке)
Ставрополь, 2020
3
УДК 611.1.2.3.4.6-018.821.8 (07)
ББК 28.706я73
Гистологическая структура органов и систем человека. Часть 2:
учеб. пособие для иностранных студентов медицинских вузов (на английском
языке) / А.Г. Сирак, Е.И. Пискарева, М.А. Долгашова и др. − Ставрополь:
Изд-во СтГМУ, 2020. – 144 с.
Авторы:
А.Г. Сирак, д.м.н, профессор, заведующая кафедрой гистологии СтГМУ;
Е.И. Пискарева, к.м.н., доцент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
М.А. Долгашова, к.м.н., доцент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
О.В. Любанская, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
А.Н. Григорова, ассистент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
О.Г. Магомедова, ассистент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
А.П. Арутюнова, ассистент кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
М.О. Диденко, старший лаборант кафедры гистологии СтГМУ;
Н.Н. Диденко (перевод), младший научный сотрудник лаборатории
фармакологии ЦМФБ НИО СтГМУ.
В учебном пособии представлены сведения об основных структурах ор-
ганов и систем человека, входящие в раздел частной гистологии, и их функ-
циональном взаимодействие. Большое внимание уделено основным струк-
турно-функциональным единицам, определяющим гистофункциональную
характеристику органа. Пособие снабжено значительным иллюстративным
материалом. Данное пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы
студентов медицинских вузов, обучающихся на английском языке.
Рецензенты:
Чуков С.З., д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой патологической
анатомии СтГМУ;
Знаменская С.В., к.п.н., доцент, заведующая кафедрой иностранных
языков, декан факультета иностранных студентов СтГМУ;
Дилекова О.В., д.б.н., доцент кафедры паразитологии и ветсанэксперти-
зы, анатомии и патанатомии им. проф. С.Н. Никольского СтГАУ
УДК 611.1.2.3.4.6-018.821.8 (07)
ББК 28.706я73
Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом СтГМУ
© Ставропольский государственный
медицинский университет, 2020
4
CONTENTS
1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................................................6
1.1 Front part of the digestive system ......................................................6
1.2 Middle part of the digestive system .................................................21
1.3 Big glands of the gastrointestinal tract .............................................35
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ........................................................................46
3. SKIN ..........................................................................................................68
4. URINARY SYSTEM .................................................................................98
5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ......................................................114
6. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .................................................126
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................141
5
1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1.1 Front part of the digestive system
The common characteristic of the digestive system
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract (oral cavity,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and its
associated glands (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas) (Figure 1).
Digestion – a process of mechanical and chemical food processing
with subsequent absorption of products, cleavage and excretion
(evacuation) of undigested food leftovers from the digestive canal.
The digestive system is divided into three basic parts: anterior,
middle, and posterior. The anterior part includes the organs of the
oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. The mechanical working of food
occurs in the anterior part. The chemical working of food occurs in the
middle part which includes the stomach and intestine. Here the food is
transformed into its basic components (amino acid, monosaccharides,
free fatty acid, monoglycerides, etc.) which are subjected to absorption.
The anal portion of the rectum forms the posterior part of the digestive
system. This part provides evacuation of the food waste.
Figure 1. Digestive system
6
The basic structure of the digestive tract
The entire gastrointestinal tract presents common structural
features. It is a hollow tube composed of a lumen surrounded by a wall
made up of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or
adventitia (Figure 2).
A. The innermost layer is the mucosa or mucous membrane which
is made up of:
1. An epithelial lining. Epithelium of anterior and posterior parts
is nonkeratinized stratified squamous. Epithelium of the middle part is
simple columnar.
2. Lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue rich in blood
and lymph vessels.
3. The muscularis mucosae, usually consisting of a thin inner
circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
cells. Muscularis mucosae separates the mucosa from the submu-
cosa.
Figure 2. The structure of the digestive tract
7
B. The submucosa is composed of loose connective tissue with many
blood and lymph vessels and a submucosal (also called Meissner’s)
nerve plexus. It may also contain glands and lymphoid tissue.
C. The muscularis contains smooth muscle cells that are divided
into two sublayers. In the internal sublayer (close to the lumen),
the orientation is generally circular. In the external sublayer, it is
mostly longitudinal. It also contains the myenteric nerve plexus (of
Auerbach), which lies between two muscle sublayers; and blood and
lymph vessels in the connective tissue between the muscle sublayers.
The anterior and posterior parts consist of skeletal muscle tis-
sue.
D. Adventitial or serous layer. The adventitial layer consists of
loose connective tissue and surrounds anterior and posterior parts
of the alimentary tract. The serous layer surrounds the middle part.
It is the thin layer of loose connective tissue, rich in blood and lymph
vessels, and adipose tissue, and a simple squamous covering epithelium
(mesothelium). This layer is the visceral peritoneum.
The abundant lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria and
the submucosa layer protect the organism (in association with the
epithelium) from bacterial invasion.
Origin of the digestive tract structures
1. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of anterior and
posterior parts are originated from ectoderm. The simple columnar
epithelium of the middle part is originated from endoderm.
2. The loose connective tissue and smooth muscle are developed
from mesenchyme.
3. The skeletal muscle tissue is developed from the myotome
somites of mesoderm.
4. The mesothelium of the serous layer is developed from the
splanchnopleure of mesoderm.
Tongue
The tongue is a mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous
membrane whose structure varies according to the region (Figure 3).
The skeletal muscle fibers cross one another in three planes: vertical,
transverse, and longitudinal. They are grouped in bundles, usually
separated by loose connective tissue.
There are three surfaces on the tongue: lower, dorsal, and lateral.
8
The lower surface consists of mucous and submucous. The mucous
membrane contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
and lamina propria. Muscularis mucosae is absent. Submucous with
mucous form folds on the lower surface of the tongue.
Figure 3. The tongue
Dorsal and lateral surfaces consist only of the mucous membrane.
Submucous is absent. Mucous contains nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium and lamina propria. The dorsal surface is irregular,
covered by a great number of small eminences called papillae. Papillae
are outgrowths of the mucous membrane covered with epithelium. The
basis is the primary papilla, from the top of which from 5 to 20 thinner
secondary papillae protruding into the epithelium.
There are four types of papillae: filiform, foliate, fungiform, and
circumvallate (Figure 6).
1. Filiform papillae have an elongated conical or thread shape;
they are quite numerous and are present over the entire of the tongue.
Their epithelium, which does not contain taste buds, is frequently partly
keratinized (Figure 4).
9
Figure 4. Filiform papillae. Dyes: hematoxylin and eosin
2. Fungiform papillae resemble mushrooms. They have a narrow
stalk, a smooth-surface, and dilated upper part. These papillae, which
contain taste buds on their upper surfaces, are irregularly interspaced
between the filiform papillae (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Fungiform papillae. Dyes: hematoxylin and eosin
10
