High-Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Properties, and Applications

448 Pages·1998·12.075 MB·English

by  Rainer Wesche (auth.)

HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS:
Materials, Properties, and Applications
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN:
ELECTRONIC MATERIALS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Series Editor
Harry L. Tuller
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS:
Materials, Properties, and Applications
By
Rainer Wesche
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE
~.
"
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wesche,Rainer, 1956-
High-temperature superconductors : materials, properties, and
applications 1b y Rainer Wesche.
p. cm. --(Kluwer international series in --electronic
materials, science and technology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7923-8386-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-5075-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5075-4
1. High temperature superconductors. 1. Title. Il. Series.
TK7872.S8W47 1998
621.3'5--dc21
09-44491
CIP
Copyright© 1998 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. in 1998
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1998
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES vii
NOMENCLATURE ix
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiv
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TBE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE 7
2.1 The Electrical Resistivity 7
2.2 Characteristic Properties of the Superconducting State 16
2.3 Conventional Superconductors 24
2.4 Tunnelling Effects 34
2.5 The Electrodynamics of Superconductors 51
2.6 The Thermodynamics of Superconductors 56
2.7 Type II Superconductors 65
3. A SURVEY OF SUPERCONDUCTING CUPRATES 79
3.1 Major Families of Superconducting Cuprates 79
3.2 Crystal Structures 91
3.3 Critical Temperatures 119
3.4 Summary 132
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF mGH-Tc
SUPERCONDUCTORS l33
4.1 Introduction l33
4.2 Superconducting Properties l34
4.3 Grain Boundary Weak Links 158
4.4 Flux Pinning 175
4.5 Transport Properties 199
4.6 Specific Heat 216
4.7 Summary 222
vi
5. PROCESSING OF SUPERCONDUCTING POWDERS 223
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Y- Based Superconductors 223
5.3 Bi-Based Superconductors 230
5.4 Tl-Based Superconductors 244
5.5 Hg-Based Superconductors 252
5.6 High Pressure Phases 261
5.7 Summary 264
6. CONDUCTOR FABRICATION 265
6.1 Introduction 265
6.2 Wire Fabrication Techniques 266
6.3 Factors Limiting the Transport Critical Current Densities 291
6.4 Critical Current Densities in Superconducting Wires and Tapes 319
6.5 Field-and Temperature-Dependencies 325
6.6 Strain Effects 334
6.7 Summary 345
7. FOUNDATIONS OF APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 347
7.1 Introduction 347
7.2 Material Properties of Silver 348
7.3 Stability 352
7.4 Safety Aspects 367
7.5 AC Losses 371
7.6 Summary 384
8. MAGNET AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS 385
8.1 A Survey of Possible Energy Applications 385
8.2 Current Leads 388
8.3 Magnet Applications 391
8.4 Superconducting Transformers 393
8.5 Superconducting Fault Current Limiter 394
8.6 Power Transmission Lines 397
8.7 Superconducting Motors 398
8.8 Magnetic Levitation 398
9. OUTLOOK 399
REFERENCES 401
SUBJECT INDEX 427
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Milestones in the history of superconductivity 2
Table 1-2 Development of the Tc-values in selected superconductors 3
Table 2-1 Superconducting elements 23
Table 2-2 Coherence length and Ginzburg-Landau parameter for selected
superconductors 70
Table 2-3 Upper critical fields of selected high-field superconductors 72
Table 3-1 Major families of superconducting cuprates 79
Table 3-2 Critical temperatures of electron-doped cuprate superconductors 84
Table 3-3 Cuprate superconductors synthesised under high pressure 90
Table 3-4 Bravais nets and lattices 95
Table 3-5 Symbols for centring types in two and three dimensions 96
Table 3-6 Atom positions in the unit cell of Lal.ssSro.1sCu04 98
Table 3-7 Atom positions in the unit cell ofYBazCu07-6 99
3
Table 3-8 Atom positions in the unit cell ofBi-2212 101
Table 3-9 Atom positions in the unit cell ofBi-2223 104
Table 3-10 Atom positions in the unit cell of ThBazCu06 106
Table 3-11 Atom positions in the unit cell of ThBa2CaCu2Og 106
Table 3-12 Atom positions in the unit cell of ThBa2Ca2Cu0lO 106
3
Table 3-13 Atom positions in the unit cell of ThBa2CaCll4012 107
3
Table 3-14 Atom positions in the unit cell of TlBa2Ca2CuOg 107
3
Table 3-15 Atom positions in the unit cell of HgBazCu04 112
Table 3-16 Atom positions in the unit cell of HgBazCaCu06 114
Z
Table 3-17 Atom positions in the unit cell of HgBazCazCu0s 114
3
Table 3-18 Atom positions in the unit cell ofHgBazCaCll401O 114
3
Table 3-19 Lattice parameters of various cuprate superconductors 118
Table 3-20 Initial pressure derivatives dTj dp for high-To superconductors 129
Table 4-1 Anisotropy of upper critical fields 140
Table 4-2 Characteristic lengths for selected high-To superconductors 146
viii
Table 4-3 Critical current densities in selected high-Tc superconductors 157
Table 4-4 Electrical resistivity of various cuprate superconductors 207
Table 5-1 Synthesis conditions for Bi-2212 powders 232
Table 5-2 Synthesis conditions f (Bi,Pb )-2223 powders by solid state
reaction starting from carbonates and binary oxides 237
Table 5-3 Conditions for the synthesis of (Bi,Pb )-2223 powders via the
metal nitrate synthesis route 239
Table 5-4 Synthesis conditions for Tl-220 1 245
Table 5-5 Synthesis conditions for Tl-2212 246
Table 5-6 Synthesis conditions for Tl-2223 247
Table 5-7 Synthesis conditions for TI-1212 248
Table 5-8 Synthesis conditions for Tl-1223 249
Table 5-9 Synthesis conditions for Hg-1201 253
Table 5-10 Synthesis conditions for Hg-1212 255
Table 5-11 Synthesis conditions for Hg-12(n-l)n for n ~ 3 258
Table 5-12 Synthesis conditions for high-pressure cuprate superconductors 261
Table 6-1 Nominal powder compositions and heat treatment conditions
used for the fabrication of AglBi-2223 tapes 270
Table 6-2 Effect of the residual carbon content on the jc-values of
AglBi-2212 and AglBi-2223 tapes 291
Table 6-3 Scaling parameters for the zero-fieldjc-values 326
Table 6-4 Scaling parameters for jc(B,1) 329
Table 6-5 Alternative matrix materials for Bi-based high-To
superconductors 335
Table 6-6 Mechanical properties of pure and dispersion-strengthened silver 335
Table 6-7 Mechanical properties of several composite and bulk
superconductors 336
Table 6-8 Coefficients of thermal expansion for silver and selected bulk
superconductors 344
Table 8-1 Values of the integrated thermal conductivity for silver and
several bulk superconductors 389
Table 8-2 Test results for a 2 kA binary CulBi-2212 current lead 391
Table 8-3 Test results for various superconducting coils constructed from
Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 tapes 392
NOMENCLATURE
A vector potential C., electron specific heat
A cross-sectional area C,/Cs C in normaVsc state
A, Ainf defined in text Cp/Cv C at constant p/V
Aph Cph phonon specific heat
AAg,lAse Aglsuperconductor area Cne,C defmed in text
se
A A, single contact area CST concentration
J,
AL loop area c, d, CK defined in text
Av area of a single vortex Cp specific heat of helium gas
2a slab thickness Cs velocity of sound
a,b contact dimensions D(E) density of states
a,b inner, outer radii DBi-2223 average grain diameter
a, b, C lattice constants Dn,Ds D(E) normaVsc state
a·, b·, c· reciprocal lattice vectors DA,DB defined in text
2aJj flux jump diameter DAN, DBS
aR arc DR roller diameter
D,B magnetic field (induction) d slab thickness, wire diameter
B field change rate d average distance of vortices
Bo surface magnetic field d distance lattice planes
Bl,B2 defined in text d thickness of insulating layer
B BL dcu02 distance of CuOz blocks
J,
Bm df filament diameter
Ba applied magnetic field d,w filament dimensions
Bb background field df, Wf dimensions of filament zone
Be critical field dido inner/outer diameter
Be!' Be2 lower, upper critical field dI defined in text
Bel,ab lower critical field B II ab E energy
Bel,e lower critical field B II c E Young's modulus
Be2,ab upper critical field B II ab EBi-2212 E ofBi-2212
Bez,e upper critical field B II C E., E_ defmed in text
E',EA
Bet Bel of weak links
Be2w Be2 of weak links EB
EB magnetic energy
BJj flux jump field
Eb barrier height
Bgb B at grain boundary
Ee condensation energy
Bi internal magnetic field
E.,E. electric field
Birr irreversibility field
E.o defmed in text
Bp penetration field
E/g/ E:e E. in Ag/superconductor
BPauli Pauli limiting field
EF Fermi energy
Bse scaling parameter
Eg energy gap
C Curie constant
Ehs hot spot function
C specific heat
x
Ek eigenvalue of energy ie.g intragrain i e
Ex electric field in x direction ie.gb grain boundary i e
e electron charge ie,; intergrain ic
F coupling loss parameter ie,t transport i e
F(hkl) structure factor (lattice) ie engineering (overall) ie
FL Lotgering factor iop operating current density
FL Lorentz force jg thennal current density
Fm magnetic force is screening current density
Fp volume pinning force isO screening current density at
FpO scaling parameter the surface
Fpmox maximum value of Fp ise i in superconductor
f(E) Fenni-Dirac distribution ise(O) scaling parameter
function is. is in x direction
j,/Ag,/se fractions K thennal conductivity
Ii atomic fonn factor KalKe in-/out-of-plane thennal
G Gibbs free energy conductivity
G G of nonnal conductor Keo coupling constant
n
G, G of superconductor Kel electronic contribution to K
g defined in text Kph phonon contribution to K
H magnetic field k wave vector
H; internal magnetic field k,k' wave numbers
Hv Vickers hardness koIkJ k incident/diffracted beam
h heat transfer coefficient k), k2 constants defmed in text
h height kB Boltzmann constant
h Planck's constant kF Fenni wave number
hkl Miller indices kx, ky, Ie. components of wave vector
I current L length
IA/Ise I in Ag/superconductor L inductance
10 initial current lei mean free path of electrons
Ie critical current Iph mean free path of phonons
leO defmed in text It twist pitch
I/eld Ie defined by field criterion M magnetisation
lqel ftet Ie defined by offset criterion Mo initial magnetisation
maximum Josephson current M isotope mass
Imax
tunnelling currents MSc molar weight of cuprate
IN/N,IN/S
i imaginary unit m magnetic moment
J,j current density m electron mass
i, iAB,iaA number density of electrons m* effective electron mass
m
io defmed in text mass flow rate
iA/iM silver/matrix current density ma/me effective mass I II able
i, critical current density me mass of Cooper pair
ie,at/jc.e ie B II able N demagnetisation factor
j/QbJe ic in sc layer of cable N number of atoms