Table Of ContentHIGH-SPEED
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
HIGH-SPEED
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Edited by
Harry Perros
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publ1catIon Data
High-speed communication networks / edited by Harry Perros.
p. cm.
"Proceedings of TMComm '92"—T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6527-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-3450-1 (eBooK)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3450-1
1. Local area networks (Computer networks)—Congresses.
I. Perros, Harry G. II. IEEE Conference on Communications Software
(1992 : Raleigh, N.C.)
TK5105.7.H54 1992
004.6--dc20 92-26600
CIP
Proceedings of TriComm '92: High-Speed Communications Networks,
held February 27-28, 1992, in Raleigh, North Carolina
ISBN 978-1-4613-6527-3
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover ist edition 1992
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PROGRAM COMMITTEE AND SPONSORSHIP
ConferenceC hairman
Harry Perros, NC StateU niversity
Program Committee
Brad Makrucki, BellSouth
Arne Nilsson, NC StateU niversity
Raif Onvural, IBM ResearchT riangle Park
Dan Stevenson,M CNC
Yannis Viniotis, NC StateU niversity
Sponsorship
ComputerS cienceD epartment,N C State University
Centerf or Communicationsa nd Signal Processing,N C StateU niversity
IEEE CommunicationsS ociety, EasternN C Chapter
IBM ResearchT riangle Park
v
PREFACE
TriComm '92 was the fifth in the series of Research Triangle
conferences on Computer Communications. This series emerged from a
need to provide a forum for the people who are actively involved in
Research and Development in the Research Triangle area in which they
could present and discuss new ideas in Computer Communications.
TriComm '92 was dedicated to High Speed networks. In particular, the
program was developed around the following themes: local ATM,
preventive and reactive congestion control. routing. transport
protocols. traffic measurements, software engineering for
telecommunication systems. and standards.
I would like to thank all the speakers who agreed to present a paper.
and the members of the program committee who patiently refereed the
papers despite their busy schedules. I would also like to thank Mr. Ed
Bowen, IBM, Research Triangle Park, for covering the expenses for the
preparation of the pre-conference proceedings. and Dr. Raif Onvural.
IBM, Research Triangle Park, for overseeing the photocopying of the
proceedings. I would also like to thank my "Guardian Angel" Ms.
Margaret Hudacko. Center for Communications and Signal Processing.
North Carolina State University, who made all the local arrangements.
Without her help, this conference would have been a complete disaster.
Many thanks also go to Norene Miller. Center for Communications and
Signal Processing. North Carolina State University. Finally. I would like
to thank Mr. Charles Lord, Eastern NC Chapter of the IEEE
Communications SOCiety. for providing us with mailing lists.
Harry Perros
Conference Chairman
Computer Science Department
North Carolina State University
vii
CONTENTS
LocalATM
Architecture of Local and Metropolitan ATM Networks: New
Trends ............................................ 3
G. Pujolle
Supercomputer Communications as an Application for ATM
Local Area Networks ................................. 15
D. Winkelstein and D. Stevenson
Gigabit Local Area Networks ................................ 25
A. Pierce and D. Casey
Congestion Control I
An Overview of Bandwidth Management Procedures in High-Speed
Networks ......................................... 35
L. Gun and R. Guerin
Performance of the Buffered Leaky Bucket PoliCing Mechanism ...... 47
D.S. Holtsinger and H.G. Perros
Congestion Control II
Explicit Foward Congestion Notification in ATM Networks .......... 73
B.A. Makrucki
A Novel Architecture and Flow Control Scheme for Private ATM
Networks ......................................... 97
S.V. Jagannath and I. Viniotis
Gateway Congestion Controls in High-Speed Backbone Networks ... 109
S. Fdida and H. Santoso
Standards
What's New in B-ISDN Standards? 125
W.O. Rice and D. Spears
ix
Routing
Routing in ATM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
R.O. Onvural and I. Nikola1dis
A Queueing-Network Model for Half-Duplex Routing in Data
Communication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151
V.G. Kulkarni and S. Stidham, Jr.
Transport Protocols
The Xpress Transfer Protocol .............................. 161
AC. Weaver
Radiology Communications for Imaging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171
W.J. Chimiak
High-Speed Transport Protocol Evaluation in the VISTAnet
Project .......................................... 183
Y.-H. Chang
Traffic Measurements
Traffic Models for ISDN and B-ISDN Users .................... 205
P.E. Wirth and K.S. Meier-Hellstern
Traffic Characterization in a Wide Area Network ................ 213
L.J. Bottomley and AA Nilsson
Telecommunications Software EDgIneering
Engineering of Telecommunications Software .................. 227
M.A Vouk
Reliability of Telecommunications Software: Assessing
Sensitivity of Least Squares Reliability Estimates ............... 239
W.D. Jones
Software Metrics and the Quality of Telecommunication
Software .............................................. 255
T.M. Khoshgoftaar and J.C. Munson
INDEX ............................................... 267
x
LOCAL ATM
ARCHITECTURE OF LOCAL AND METROPOLITAN
ATM NETWORKS: NEW TRENDS
Guy Pujolle
Laboratoire MASI
45 avenue des Etats-Unis
78000 Versailles, France
ABSTRACT
Future generations of LAN s will reach Gbps speeds. One of the main challenges in this
environment is the integration of different types of traffic on the same medium with different
service requirements in terms of throughput, delay, delay dispersion, reliability and
sequenced delivery. In the mean time, high-speed telecommunication technology has been
emerging through Broadband ISDNs (Integrated Services Data Networks) with ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) being the transport mode, being standardized by the CCITT
Study Group XVIII. The purpose of this paper is to propose two new architectures for high
speed LANs and MANs based on ATM.
INTRODUCTION
Computer communication world is evolving towards high-bandwidth that makes it
feasible to integrate different classes of services into the same medium, i.e., graphical
visualization, I/O channel access, military command and control application, broadband
ISDN connection, etc. For example, the speed of the I/O access channel is increasing very
quickly. The ANSI standard channel HSC (High Speed Channel) operates at 800 Mbps and
has already been adopted by IBM (HSC channel) and Cray (HSX channel). The HIPPI
(HIgh Performance Parallel Interface) reaches 1.6 Gbps. With the introduction of more
powerful processors, the workstations should be able to access servers at speeds of 2 to 10
Mbps. Considering the fact that the throughput of the I/O interface of a workstation is about
50 Kbps per Mips, several workstations working together will ask for much higher
throughputs.
First generation LAN s are well represented by Ethernet and Token Ring. The second
generation LANs/MANs provide speeds of 100 Mbps, i.e., FDDI LAN. With the advances
in technology, the third generation of LANs and MANs should reach the Gbps speeds.
However, in this environment, different types of traffic will require different service
characteristics of throughput, delay, delay dispersion, reliability and sequenced delivery
which have to be taken into account in the third generation architecture proposals.
There are a numbt:r of critical research issues for the third generation architectures to
become a reality.
• The Medium Access Control has to be flexible to provide various classes of services with
different service requirements.
• The OSI protocol has been developed for architectures of general purpose low speed
networks. It is necessary to reevaluate the applicability of these protocols in this
High-Speed Communication Networks, Edited by H. Perros
Plenum Press, New York, 1992 3
environment. In particular, it is necessary to develop a new transport protocol. Some
proposals reported in the literature include UDP (User Datagram Protocol), RDP (Reliable
Datagram Protocol), LDP (Loader/Debugger Protocol), NETBLT (High-speed Block
Transfer Protocol), NVP (Network Voice Protocol), PVP (packet Video Protocol), CMTP
(Versatile Message Transaction Protocol).
• At 1 Gbps, the number of outstanding frames will be about thousands, requiring strict
flow control mechanisms
At the same time, in the WAN field, Broadband ISDN (Integrated Services Data
Network) is emerging as the standard for high-speed telecommunications. A B-ISDN
network is conceived as an all-purpose digital network. The standardization of B-ISDN is in
progress. The transport mode is expected to follow the ATM principle, chosen by the
CCITT Study Group XVIII. Recommendation 1.121 describes the ATM technique, with a
cell format illustrated in Fig. 1. An interested reader may refer to references 1 to 13 for more
information on AT M networks.
Despite the tremendous research activity in B-ISDN networks, the architectures for
Gbps LANs/MANs have not received much attention in the literature. The purpose of this
paper is to introduce two proposals developed for High Speed LANs and MANs based on
ATM.
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS AND REFERENCE CONFIGURATION
The subscriber access reference configuration defined by the CCITT is illustrated in
Fig. 2. The interested reader may refer to Bauch14 and Goeldner15 for more information.
Broadband-Network Termination 1 (B-NTl) and the Broadband-Network Termination
2 (B-NT2) provides the access between the Terminal Equipment (TE) and the Local
Exchange (LE). Network access from the TE takes place through the interface SB. The
Termination B-NTI is adapted to the requirements of the relevant subscriber, and is usually
under his responsibility. It may be a multiplexer, a PBX or a LAN. The boundary with the
public network is referred to the TB interface. The B-NTI is the physical termination of the
5 bytes 48 bytes
bits 8-bit header error check field
generic flow 2-bit reserved field
control field
2 bit payload type field
Figure 1. The A TM cell
Figure 2. The reference configuration
4
