Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: From Fundamentals to Green Applications

419 Pages·2015·16.856 MB·English

by  Juan Carlos Colmenares, Yi-Jun Xu (eds.)

Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology
Juan Carlos Colmenares
Yi-Jun Xu Editors
Heterogeneous
Photocatalysis
From Fundamentals to Green
Applications
Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology
Series editors
Prof. Liang-Nian He
StateKeyLaboratoryofElemento-OrganicChemistry,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin,
China
Prof. Robin D. Rogers
Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Prof. Dangsheng Su
ShenyangNationalLaboratoryforMaterialsScience,InstituteofMetalResearch,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
and
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck
Society, Berlin, Germany
Prof. Pietro Tundo
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari
University of Venice, Venice, Italy
Prof. Z. Conrad Zhang
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian,
China
AimsandScope
The series Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology aims to present cutting-
edge research and important advances in green chemistry, green chemical engi-
neeringandsustainableindustrialtechnology.Thescopeofcoverageincludes(but
isnotlimitedto):
– Environmentallybenignchemicalsynthesisandprocesses(greencatalysis,green
solventsandreagents,atom-economysyntheticmethodsetc.)
– Green chemicals and energy produced from renewable resources (biomass,
carbondioxideetc.)
– Novelmaterialsandtechnologiesforenergyproductionandstorage(biofuelsand
bioenergies,hydrogen,fuelcells,solarcells,lithium-ionbatteriesetc.)
– Green chemical engineering processes (process integration, materials diversity,
energysaving,wasteminimization,efficientseparationprocessesetc.)
– Green technologies for environmental sustainability (carbon dioxide capture,
waste and harmful chemicals treatment, pollution prevention, environmental
redemptionetc.)
TheseriesGreenChemistryandSustainableTechnologyisintendedtoprovidean
accessible reference resource for postgraduate students, academic researchers and
industrialprofessionalswhoareinterestedingreenchemistryandtechnologiesfor
sustainabledevelopment.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11661
Juan Carlos Colmenares (cid:129) Yi-Jun Xu
Editors
Heterogeneous
Photocatalysis
From Fundamentals to Green Applications
Editors
JuanCarlosColmenares Yi-JunXu
InstituteofPhysicalChemistry StateKeyLaboratoryofPhotocatalysis
PolishAcademyofSciences onEnergyandEnvironment
Warsaw,Poland FuzhouUniversity
Fuzhou,China
ISSN2196-6982 ISSN2196-6990 (electronic)
GreenChemistryandSustainableTechnology
ISBN978-3-662-48717-4 ISBN978-3-662-48719-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-662-48719-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015959972
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2016
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Preface
Heterogeneous photocatalysis has become a comprehensively studied area during
the past several decades because of its great potential for solving the problems of
environmental pollution and the world energy crisis. As a green technology fea-
turedwiththeuniqueadvantagesofoperationatroomtemperatureandutilization
of clean, renewable solar light as the driving force, heterogeneous photocatalysis
continues to be an important component of modern chemistry in the twenty-first
century.
Theavailableexistingliteratureinheterogeneousphotocatalysismainlyfocused
ontheadvancesofsemiconductorTiO fordegradationofpollutantsinwaterand
2
air. However, recent researches have proven that heterogeneous photocatalysis is
effectiveandpromisingformanyotherreactions,suchascarbondioxidereduction,
photocatalyticwatersplittingandorganictransformations.Inaddition,theresearch
reports have also shown that a lot of alternative semiconductors and photoactive
organicspeciescanapplytothesephotocatalyticreactions.Therefore,inthisbook,
we highlight and summarize recent progress in green-chemistry-oriented applica-
tionfields(e.g.carbondioxidereduction,selectiveorganictransformations,water
splitting) over TiO -based and other new photocatalysts alternative to TiO . The
2 2
syntheticconsiderationoftheproperdesignofphotocatalyticreactorsandmodel-
ling of light has also been discussed, which are often neglected in literature but
ratherimportantforimprovingefficacyandscale-upapplicationsofphotocatalytic
systems.
The book Heterogeneous photocatalysis: from fundamentals to green applica-
tionsisaimedatprovidingresearcherswiththeup-to-dateadvancesrelatedtothe
field of photocatalysis in the shape of a collective work of reviews illustrative of
recent advances in exploitation and green application of heterogeneous
photocatalysis towards solar energy conversion and utilization. The book consists
of 11 chapters including the principles and fundamentals of heterogeneous
photocatalysis(Chap.10),themechanismsanddynamicsofsurfacephotocatalysis
(Chap. 11), the researches on the TiO -based composites with unique
2
nanostructures (Chap. 5),the latest developments andnew advancesofexploiting
v
vi Preface
newphotocatalystmaterialsalternativetoTiO (Chap.4)andphotocatalyticmate-
2
rials for new applications different from the traditional degradation of pollutants:
carbondioxidereduction(Chap.1),wateroxidation(Chap.2),acompletespectrum
on selective organic transformations (Chaps. 8 and 9) and water splitting by
photocatalytic reduction (Chap. 6). In addition, heterogeneized polyoxometalate
materials for photocatalytic purposes (Chap. 3) and the proper design of
photocatalyticreactorsandmodellingoflight(Chap.7)havealsobeendiscussed.
These progresses in heterogeneous photocatalysis provide new directions and
tremendousopportunitiesfordevelopingnewgenerationsofeffectiveandselective
photocatalyststowardstargetpracticalapplications.
Inthisbookthehighqualityandgeographicdistributionofthecontributionsare
taken into consideration when inviting worldwide respected and well-known
leadersintherelativefieldincludingProf.PierrePichat,Prof.LeonardoPalmisano,
Prof. Flemming Besenbacher, Prof. Graham J. Hutchings, Prof. Hermenegildo
Garcia and Prof. Xueming Yang, as well as excellent emerging young scientists,
amongthemProf.BinLiu,Prof.NurxatNuraje,Prof.AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,
Prof.ElisaGarciaLopez,Dr.RenSuandProf.HiroshiKominami.
Thebookisabletoserveasaself-containedmajorreferenceforheterogeneous
photocatalysis towardssolar energy conversionandutilization. Thisbookappeals
toawidereadershipoftheacademicandindustrialresearchersandcanalsobeused
in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate students who focus on heteroge-
neousphotocatalysis,sustainablechemistry,energyconversionandstorage,nano-
technology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics,
sensorsandsurfacesandinterfacessciences.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all authors for their excellent
contributions to this impressive book. We are also thankful tothe whole Springer
team, especially to Heather Feng and June Tang for their priceless support in
publishingthisbook.
Warsaw,Poland J.C.Colmenares
Fuzhou,China Y.-J.Xu
Contents
1 PhotocatalyticCO Reduction. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 1
2
JosepAlberoandHermenegildoGarc´ıa
2 PhotocatalyticWaterOxidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
TanviGadgil,NiyazIbrayev,andNurxatNuraje
3 Heteropolyacid-BasedHeterogeneousPhotocatalysts
forEnvironmentalApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ElisaI.Garc´ıa-L(cid:1)opez,GiuseppeMarc`ı,andLeonardoPalmisano
4 AlternativeMaterialstoTiO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2
RenSu,FlemmingBesenbacher,andGrahamHutchings
5 1DTiO Nanotube-BasedPhotocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2
Fang-XingXiaoandBinLiu
6 WaterSplittingByPhotocatalyticReduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
XinLiandJiaguoYu
7 PhotoreactorDesignAspectsandModelingofLight. . . . . . . . . . . 211
PawełMazierski,BeataBajorowicz,EwelinaGrabowska,
andAdrianaZaleska-Medynska
8 Solar–ChemicalEnergyConversionbyPhotocatalysis. . . . . . . . . . 249
LanYuan,NanZhang,Yi-JunXu,andJuanCarlosColmenares
9 SyntheticApplicationsofTitanium(IV)Oxide-Based
Photocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
KazuyaImamuraandHiroshiKominami
vii
viii Contents
10 FundamentalsofTiO Photocatalysis.Consequences
2
forSomeEnvironmentalApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
PierrePichat
11 FundamentalProcessesinSurfacePhotocatalysisonTiO . . . . . . . 361
2
QingGuo,ChuanyaoZhou,ZhiboMa,ZefengRen,
HongjunFan,andXuemingYang
Chapter 1
Photocatalytic CO Reduction
2
JosepAlberoandHermenegildoGarc´ıa
Abstract In the context of finding sustainable and environmentally neutral
alternatives to fossil fuels, there is much current interest in the production of
chemicals that can be used as fuels using solar light (solar fuels). In the present
chapter, we describe the fundamentals and the current state of the art for the
photocatalytic reduction of CO , making emphasis on the importance of the
2
co-substrate (either water, hydrogen, or other electron donors), the differences of
theprocesswithrespecttothephotocatalytichydrogengenerationfromwater,and
the importance to control the selectivity towards a single product of the many
possibleones.AfterthispartdescribingsomebasicissuesofthephotocatalyticCO
2
reduction, some of the currently more efficient photocatalysts are described,
delineating similarities and differences among those materials. The final section
summarizes the main points of the chapter and presents our view on future
developmentsinthefield.
Keywords Solar fuels • CO reduction • Photocatalysts • Semiconductor
2
photocatalysts•Graphene-basedphotocatalysts
1.1 Solar Fuels: Concept and Importance
Modern societies consume an enormous amount of energy to perform their activ-
itiesincludingtransportation,industrialprocesses,andheating,amongothermain
uses. The current scenario is based on the massive consumption of fossil fuels,
includingoilandnaturalgas,notonlyfortransportationbutalsofortheproduction
of electricity and heating. Considering the limited resources on fossil fuels, it is
clear that at the high current consumption rate these resources will become
depleted,makingthepresentenergysourceschemeunsustainable.
Besides sustainability, a second driving force to develop alternative energy
sources is climate change and, specifically, atmospheric pollution by greenhouse
effect gases. The limited resources of fossil fuels together with global warming
J.Albero•H.Garc´ıa(*)
DepartamentodeQu´ımica,InstitutoUniversitariodeTecnolog´ıaQu´ımicaCSIC-UPV,
UniversidadPolite´cnicadeValencia,Avda.delosNaranjoss/n,46022Valencia,Spain
e-mail:[email protected]
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2016 1
J.C.Colmenares,Y.-J.Xu(eds.),HeterogeneousPhotocatalysis,GreenChemistry
andSustainableTechnology,DOI10.1007/978-3-662-48719-8_1