Handbooks of Aging: Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Sixth Edition

681 Pages·2006·9.31 MB·English

by  Edward J. Masoro

Handbook of
The Biology of Aging
The Handbooks of Aging
Consisting of Three Volumes
Critical comprehensive reviews of
research knowledge, theories, concepts, and issues
Editor-in-Chief
James E. Birren
Handbook of the Biology of Aging
Edited by Edward J. Masoro and Steven N. Austad
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Edited by James E. Birren and K. Warner Schaie
Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences
Edited by Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George
Handbook of
The Biology of Aging
Sixth Edition
Editors
Edward J. Masoro and Steven N. Austad
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of the biology of aging/editors, E.J. Masoro and S.N. Austad.— 6th ed.
p. cm. — (The handbooks of aging)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-12-088387-2 (alk. paper)
1. Aging—Physiological aspects—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Masoro, Edward J.
II. Austad, Steven N., 1946– III. Series.
QP86.H35 2006
612.6(cid:3)7—dc22
2005023985
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 13: 978-0-12-088387-5
ISBN 10: 0-12-088387-2
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Contents
Contributors xi
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
About the Editors xix
Section I: Conceptual and Technical Issues
1. Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity 3
Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova
I. Introduction 3
II. General Overview of the Reliability Theory Approach 5
III. Mortality, Failure, and Aging in Biological and Technical Systems 15
IV. Explanations of Aging Phenomena Using Reliability Theory 21
V. The Idea of High Initial Damage Load: The HIDL Hypothesis 24
VI. Reliability Models of Aging for Biological Systems 28
VII. Evolution of Species Reliability 31
VIII. Conclusions 34
References 35
2. Are Age-Associated Diseases an Integral Part of Aging? 43
Edward J. Masoro
I. Introduction 43
II. Concepts of Biological Gerontology 44
III. Age-Associated Diseases 45
IV. Primary Aging, Secondary Aging, and “Normal Aging” 46
V. Evolutionary Theory and Age-Associated Diseases 49
VI. Analysis of Two Major Age-Associated Disease Processes 50
VII. Summary and Conclusions 55
References 56
3. Dietary Restriction, Hormesis, and Small Molecule Mimetics 63
David A. Sinclair and Konrad T. Howitz
I. Introduction 63
II. Key Discoveries 65
III. Physiological Effects of DR onMammals 68
v
vi Contents
IV. Mechanisms of DR 70
V. Small-Molecule CR Mimetics 82
VI. Conclusions 89
References 90
4. Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Aging, and Cancer 105
Deborah R. Bell and Gary Van Zant
I. Stem Cells 105
II. Stem Cell Aging 108
III. Stem Cells and Cancer 115
IV. Conclusions 119
References 119
5. Mitochondria: A Critical Role in Aging 124
Tamara R. Golden, Karl Morten, Felicity Johnson, Enrique Samper,
and Simon Melov
I. The Mitochondrion 124
II. Evidence for Increased Oxidative Damage to Mitochondrial Components
withAge 125
III. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aging 129
IV. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Age-Associated Disease 134
V. Conclusions 137
References 137
6. P53 and Mouse Aging Models 149
Catherine Gatza, George Hinkal, Lynette Moore, Melissa Dumble, and
Lawrence A. Donehower
I. Introduction to p53 149
II. p53 and Cellular Senescence 151
III. Linkage of IGF-1, Sir2, andp53 Signaling 154
IV. Mouse Models of Aging 155
V. Mouse Models of Accelerated Aging 158
VI. Mouse Models of Delayed Aging 161
VII. Links to p53 in Mouse Aging Models 162
VIII. Mutant Mouse p53 Models, Aging, and Cancer 164
IX. Influence of p53 on Longevity in Humans 168
X. How Might p53 Influence Organismal Aging? 169
References 171
7. Complex Genetic Architecture of DrosophilaLongevity 181
Trudy F. C. Mackay, Natalia V. Roshina, Jeff W. Leips, and
Elena G. Pasyukova
I. Introduction 181
II. Genome Scan for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) 182
III. Deficiency Complementation Mapping 187
IV. Complementation Tests to Mutations at Positional Candidate Genes 193
V. Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Mapping 207
VI. Conclusions and Future Prospects 209
References 212
Contents vii
8. Evolutionary Biology of Aging: Future Directions 217
Daniel E. L. Promislow, Kenneth M. Fedorka, and Joep M. S. Burger
I. Introduction 217
II. Genetics of Senescence 220
III. From Physiology to Demography 224
IV. Parasites and Immune Function 227
V. Sex, Sexual Selection, andSexual Conflict 230
VI. Genetic Variation in Natural Populations 232
VII. Conclusions 234
References 235
9. Senescence in Wild Populations of Mammals and Birds 243
Anja K. Brunet-Rossinni and Steven N. Austad
I. Introduction 243
II. Evidence of Senescence in Wild Populations 244
III. Patterns of Senescence 255
IV. Methodological Difficulties in Evaluating Senescence in Wild Populations 257
V. Conclusions 260
References 261
10. Biodemography of Aging and Age-Specific Mortality in Drosophila
melanogaster 267
James W. Curtsinger, Natalia S. Gavrilova, and Leonid A. Gavrilov
I. Introduction 267
II. Experimental Evidence for Age-Specific Effects 276
III. Leveling-Off of Mortality Rates 280
IV. Conclusions 289
References 289
11. Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in Aging 295
F. Noel Hudson, Matt Kaeberlein, Nancy Linford, David Pritchard, Richard Beyer,
andPeter S. Rabinovitch
I. Introduction 295
II. Technical Issues 295
III. Biological Studies 310
IV. Conclusions, Future Directions, and Challenges 326
References 327
12. Computer Modeling in the Study of Aging 334
Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Richard J. Boys, Colin S. Gillespie, Carole J. Procter,
Daryl P. Shanley, and Darren J. Wilkenson
I. Introduction 334
II. Why Aging Particularly NeedsModels 337
III. Different Approaches to Modeling Biological Systems 339
IV. Currently Available Models ofAging 343
V. Models, Data Collection, and Experimental Design 347
VI. Parameter Inference 348
VII. Conclusions 351
References 352
viii Contents
Section II: Non-Mammalian Models
13. Dissecting the Processes of Aging Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis
elegans 360
Samuel T. Henderson, Shane L. Rea, and Thomas E. Johnson
I. Introduction 360
II. Biology of C. elegans 362
III. The age-1Pathway 362
IV. Mutations in Mitochondrial Components 372
V. Caloric Restriction 379
VI. Other Non-Genetic Ways toExtend Life 382
VII. Other Discoveries 384
VIII. Summary 389
References 390
14. Genetic Manipulation of Life Span in Drosophila Melanogaster 400
Daniel Ford and John Tower
I. Introduction 400
II. Genetic Methods for Manipulating DrosophilaLifeSpan 400
III. Screening for DrosophilaGenes Affecting Life Span 405
IV. Specific Genes Used to Extend the Life Span of Drosophila
melanogaster 406
V. Conclusions 412
References 412
15. Juvenile and Steroid Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster
Longevity 415
Meng-Ping Tu, Thomas Flatt, and Marc Tatar
I. Introduction 415
II. JH and 20E: Two Major Insect Hormones 416
III. Effects of JH and 20E on DrosophilaAging 418
IV. Candidate Genes Affecting Life Span Through JH
and 20E Signaling 422
V. Hormones, Nutrition, and Life Span 433
VI. Hormonal Effects on Stress Resistance and Immunity 436
VII. Conclusions 437
References 440
16. A Critical Evaluation of Nonmammalian Models for
Aging Research 449
Steven N. Austad and Andrej Podlutsky
I. Introduction 449
II. Key Evolutionary Relationships 451
III. Genomic Properties 452
IV. Physiological and Pathophysiological Properties 456
V. Empirically Investigating the Similarities and Differences
Among Model Organisms 460
VI. Conclusions 462
References 463
Contents ix
Section III: Mammalian Models
17. Differential Aging Among Skeletal Muscles 470
Roger J. M. McCarter
I. Introduction 470
II. Changes in Muscle Mass and Composition 472
III. Loss of Motor Units with Age 476
IV. Altered Neuromuscular Junctions with Age 479
V. Excitation-Contraction Coupling 480
VI. Mechanical Properties 481
VII. Biochemical Environment 490
VIII. Conclusions 491
References 493
18. Aging, Body Fat, and Carbohydrate Metabolism 498
Marielisa Rincon, Radhika Muzumdar,
and Nir Barzilai
I. Introduction 498
II. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Body Composition in Aging 498
III. Conclusions 505
References 505
19. Growth and Aging: Why Do Big Dogs Die Young? 512
Richard A. Miller and Steven N. Austad
I. Introduction 512
II. Body Size and Aging in Dogs 512
III. Weight and Longevity in Mice 515
IV. Anecdotal Size-Longevity Reports on Horses 520
V. Height and Longevity in Humans 520
VI. Nutritional Manipulations that Modulate Longevity
and Body Size 523
VII. Relation of Size to Longevity Among Different Species 524
VIII. General Discussion: Why Do Big Dogs Die Young, and Is It Worth
Figuring This Out? 526
IX. Conclusions 529
References 529
20. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and the Biology
of Aging 534
Christy S. Carter and William E. Sonntag
I. Introduction 534
II. Biological Actions of Growth Hormone 535
III. Aging and the Growth Hormone Axis 538
IV. Studies of Growth Hormone/IGF-1 Replacement 540
V. Growth Hormone, IGF-1, and Life Span 549
VI. Pleiotropic Effects of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 556
VII. Conclusion 557
References 558