Table Of ContentHANDBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE
ANNE C. LYNCH BOTTA∗
PREFATORY NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
Since the first publication of this work in 1860, many new names have
appeared in modern literature. Japan, hitherto almost unknown to
Europeans, has taken her place among the nations with a literature of her
own, and the researches and discoveries of scholars in various parts of
the world have thrown much light on the literatures of antiquity. To keep
pace with this advance, a new edition of the work has been called for.
Prefixed is a very brief summary of an important and exhaustive History of
the Alphabet recently published.
PREFACE.
This work was begun many years ago, as a literary exercise, to meet the
personal requirements of the writer, which were such as most persons
experience on leaving school and ”completing their education,” as the
phrase is. The world of literature lies before them, but where to begin,
what course of study to pursue, in order best to comprehend it, are the
problems which present themselves to the bewildered questioner, who finds
himself in a position not unlike that of a traveler suddenly set down in
an unknown country, without guide-book or map. The most natural course
under such circumstances would be to begin at the beginning, and take a
rapid survey of the entire field of literature, arriving at its details
through this general view. But as this could be accomplished only by
subjecting each individual to a severe and protracted course of systematic
study, the idea was conceived of obviating this necessity to some extent
by embodying the results of such a course in the form of the following
work, which, after being long laid aside, is now at length completed.
In conformity with this design, standard books have been condensed, with
no alterations except such as were required to give unity to the whole
work; and in some instances a few additions have been made. Where standard
works have not been found, the sketches have been made from the best
sources of information, and submitted to the criticism of able scholars.
The literatures of different nations are so related, and have so
influenced each other, that it is only by a survey of all that any single
literature, or even any great literary work, can be fully comprehended, as
the various groups and figures of a historical picture must be viewed as a
∗PDFcreatedbypdfbooks.co.za
1
whole, before they can assume their true place and proportions.
A.C.L.B.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
INTRODUCTION.
THE ALPHABET.
1. The Origin of Letters.–2. The Phoenician Alphabet and Inscriptions.–
3. The Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs.–4. The Mediaeval Scripts. The
Irish. The Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The Gothic. The Runic.
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
CHINESE LITERATURE.
1. Chinese Literature.–2. The Language.–3. The Writing.–4. The Five
Classics and Four Books.–5. Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Lao-ts´e.
Confucius. Meng-ts´e or Mencius.–6. Buddhism.–7. Social Constitution of
China.–8. Invention of Printing.–9. Science, History, and Geography.
Encyclopaedias.–10. Poetry.–11. Dramatic Literature and Fiction.–12.
Education in China.
JAPANESE LITERATURE.
1. The Language.–2. The Religion.–3. The Literature. Influence of
Women.–4. History.–5. The Drama and Poetry.–6. Geography. Newspapers.
Novels. Medical Science.–7. Position of Woman.
SANSKRIT LITERATURE.
1. The Language.–2. The Social Constitution of India. Brahmanism.–3.
Characteristics of the Literature and its Divisions.–4. The Vedas and
other Sacred Books.–5. Sanskrit Poetry; Epic; the Ramayana and
Mahabharata. Lyric Poetry. Didactic Poetry; the Hitopadesa. Dramatic
Poetry.–6. History and Science.–7. Philosophy.–8. Buddhism.–9. Moral
Philosophy. The Code of Manu.–10. Modern Literatures of India.–11.
Education. The Brahmo Somaj.
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.
2
1. The Accadians and Babylonians.–2. The Cuneiform Letters.–3.
Babylonian and Assyrian Remains.
PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.
The Language.–The Remains.
SYRIAC LITERATURE.
The Language.–Influence of the Literature in the Eighth and Ninth
Century.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Persian Language and its Divisions.–2. Zendic Literature; the
Zendavesta.–3. Pehlvi and Parsee Literatures.–4. The Ancient Religion of
Persia; Zoroaster.–5. Modern Literature.–6. The Sufis.–7. Persian
Poetry.–8. Persian Poets; Ferdusi; Eesedi of Tus; Togray, etc.–9.
History and Philosophy.–10. Education in Persia.
HEBREW LITERATURE.
1. Hebrew Literature; its Divisions.–2. The Language; its Alphabet; its
Structure; Peculiarities, Formation, and Phases.–3. The Old Testament.–
4. Hebrew Education.–5. Fundamental Idea of Hebrew Literature.–6. Hebrew
Poetry.–7. Lyric Poetry; Songs; the Psalms; the Prophets.–8. Pastoral
Poetry and Didactic Poetry; the Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.–9. Epic and
Dramatic Poetry; the Book of Job.–10. Hebrew History; the Pentateuch and
other Historical Books.–11. Hebrew Philosophy.–12. Restoration of the
Sacred Books.–13. Manuscripts and Translations.–14. Rabbinical
Literature.–15. The New Revision of the Bible, and the New Biblical
Manuscript.
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE.
1. TheLanguage.–2. TheWriting.–3. TheLiterature.–4. TheMonuments.–
5. The Discovery of Champollion.–6. Literary Remains; Historical;
Religious; Epistolary; Fictitious; Scientific; Epic; Satirical and
Judicial.–7. The Alexandrian Period.–8. The Literary Condition of Modern
Egypt.
GREEK LITERATURE.
3
INTRODUCTION.–1. Greek Literature and its
Divisions.–2. The Language.–
3. The Religion.
PERIOD FIRST.–1. Ante-Homeric Songs and Bards.–2. Poems of Homer;
the
Iliad; the Odyssey.–3. The Cyclic Poets and the Homeric Hymns.–4. Poems
of Hesiod; the Works and Days; the Theogony.–5. Elegy and Epigram;
Tyrtaeus; Achilochus; Simanides.–6. Iambic Poetry, the Fable, and Parody;
Aesop.–7. Greek Music and Lyric Poetry; Terpander.–8. Aeolic Lyric
Poets; Alcaeus; Sappho; Anacreon.–9. Doric, or Choral Lyric Poets;
Alcman; Stesichorus; Pindar.–10. The Orphic Doctrines and Poems.–11.
Pre-Socratic Philosophy; Ionian, Eleatic, Pythagorean Schools.–12.
History; Herodotus.
PERIODSECOND.–1. LiteraryPredominanceofAthens.–2. GreekDrama.–
3.
Tragedy.–4. The Tragic Poets; Aeschylus; Sophocles; Euripides.–5.
Comedy; Aristophanes; Menander.–6. Oratory, Rhetoric, and History;
Pericles; the Sophists; Lysias; Isocrates; Demosthenes; Thucydides;
Xenophon.–7. Socrates and the Socratic Schools; Plato; Aristotle.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. Origin of the Alexandrian Literature.–2. The
Alexandrian Poets; Philetas; Callimachus; Theocritus; Bion; Moschus.–3.
The Prose Writers of Alexandria; Zenodotus; Aristophanes; Aristarchus;
Eratosthenes; Euclid; Archimedes.–4, Philosophy of Alexandria; Neo-
Platonism.–5. Anti-Neo-Platonic Tendencies; Epictetus; Lucian; Longinus.
–6. Greek Literature in Rome; Dionysius of Halicarnassus; Flavius
Josephus; Polybius; Diodorus; Strabo; Plutarch.–7. Continued Decline of
Greek Literature.–8. Last Echoes of the Old Literature; Hypatia; Nonnus;
Musaeus; Byzantine Literature.–9. The New Testament and the Greek
Fathers. Modern Literature; the Brothers Santsos and Alexander Rangab´e.
ROMAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. Roman Literature and its
Divisions.–2. The Language;
Ethnographical Elements of the Latin Language; the Umbrian; Oscan;
Etruscan; the Old Roman Tongue; Saturnian Verse; Peculiarities of the
Latin Language.–3. The Roman Religion.
PERIODFIRST.–1. EarlyLiteratureoftheRomans; theFescennineSongs;
4
the Fabulae Atellanae.–2. Early Latin Poets; Livius Andronicus, Naevius,
and Ennius.–3. Roman Comedy.–4. Comic Poets; Plautus, Terence, and
Statius.–5. Roman Tragedy.–6. Tragic Poets; Pacuvius and Attius.–7.
Satire; Lucilius.–8. History and Oratory; Fabius Pictor; Cencius
Alimentus; Cato; Varro; M. Antonius; Crassus; Hortensius.–9. Roman
Jurisprudence.–10. Grammarians.
PERIOD SECOND.–1. Development of the Roman Literature.–2. Mimes,
Mimographers, Pantomime; Laberius and P. Lyrus.–3. Epic Poetry; Virgil;
the Aeneid.–4. Didactic Poetry; the Bucolics; the Georgics; Lucretius.
–5. Lyric Poetry; Catullus; Horace.–6. Elegy; Tibullus; Propertius;
Ovid.–7. Oratory and Philosophy; Cicero.–8. History; J. Caesar; Sallust;
Livy.–9. Other Prose Writers.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. Decline of Roman Literature.–2. Fable; Phaedrus.–3.
Satire and Epigram; Persius, Juvenal, Martial.–4. Dramatic Literature;
the Tragedies of Seneca.–5. Epic Poetry; Lucan; Silius Italicus; Valerius
Flaccus; P. Statius.–6. History; Paterculus; Tacitus; Suetonius; Q.
Curtius; Valerius Maximus.–7. Rhetoric and Eloquence; Quintilian; Pliny
the Younger.–8. Philosophy and Science; Seneca; Pliny the Elder; Celsus;
P. Mela; Columella; Frontinus.–9. Roman Literature from Hadrian to
Theodoric; Claudian; Eutropius; A. Marcellinus; S. Sulpicius; Gellius;
Macrobius; L. Apuleius; Boethius: the Latin Fathers.–10. Roman
Jurisprudence.
ARABIAN LITERATURE.
1. European Literature in the Dark Ages.–2. The Arabian Language.–3.
Arabian Mythology and the Koran.–4. Historical Development of Arabian
Literature.–5. Grammar and Rhetoric.–6. Poetry.–7. The Arabian Tales.
–8. History and Science.–9. Education.
ITALIAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. Italian Literature and its
Divisions.–2. The Dialects.
–3. The Italian Language.
PERIOD FIRST.–1. Latin Influence.–2. Early Italian Poetry and Prose.
–3. Dante–4. Petrarch.–5. Boccaccio and other Prose Writers.–6. First
Decline of Italian Literature.
PERIOD SECOND.–1. The Close of the Fifteenth Century; Lorenzo de’
Medici.–2. The Origin of the Drama and Romantic Epic; Poliziano, Pulci,
Boiardo.–3. Romantic Epic Poetry; Ariosto.–4. Heroic Epic Poetry;
5
Tasso.–5. Lyric Poetry; Bembo, Molza, Tarsia, V. Colonna.–6. Dramatic
Poetry; Trissino, Rucellai; the Writers of Comedy.–7. Pastoral Drama and
Didactic Poetry; Beccari, Sannazzaro, Tasso, Guarini, Rucellai, Alamanni.
–8. Satirical Poetry, Novels, and Tales; Berni, Grazzini, Firenzuola,
Bandello, and others.–9. History; Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Nardi, and
others.–10. Grammar and Rhetoric; the Academy della Crusca, Della Casa,
Speroni, and others.–11. Science, Philosophy, and Politics; the Academy
del Cimento, Galileo, Torricelli, Borelli, Patrizi, Telesio, Campanella,
Bruno, Castiglione, Machiavelli, and others.–12. Decline of the
Literature in the Seventeenth Century.–13. Epic and Lyric Poetry; Marini,
Filicaja.–14. Mock Heroic Poetry, the Drama, and Satire; Tassoni,
Bracciolini, Anderini, and others.–15. History and Epistolary Writings;
Davila, Bentivoglio, Sarpi, Redi.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. Historical Development of the Third Period.–2. The
Melodrama; Rinuccini, Zeno, Metastasio.–3. Comedy; Goldoni, C. Gozzi, and
others.–4. Tragedy; Maffei, Alfieri, Monti, Manzoni, Nicolini, and
others.–5. Lyric, Epic, and Didactic Poetry; Parini, Monti, Ugo Foscolo,
Leopardi, Grossi, Lorenzi, and others.–6. Heroic-Comic Poetry, Satire,
and Fable; Fortiguerri, Passeroni, G. Gozzi, Parini, Ginsti, and others.
–7. Romances; Verri, Manzoni, D’Azeglio, Cantu`, Guerrazzi, and others.
–8. History; Muratori, Vico, Giannone, Botta, Colletta, Tiraboschi, and
others.–9. Aesthetics, Criticism, Philology, and Philosophy; Baretti,
Parini, Giordani, Gioja, Romagnosi, Gallupi, Roemini, Gioberti.–From 1860
to 1885.
FRENCH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. French Literature and its
Divisions.–2. The Language
PERIOD FIRST.–1. The Troubadours.–2. The Trouv`eres.–3. French
Literature in the Fifteenth Century.–4. The Mysteries and Moralities:
Charles of Orleans, Villon, Ville-Hardouin, Joinville, Froissart, Philippe
de Commines.
PERIOD SECOND.–1. The Renaissance and the Reformation: Marguerite
de
Valois, Marot, Rabelais, Calvin, Montaigne, Charron, and others.–2. Light
Literature: Ronsard, Jodelle, Hardy, Malherbe, Scarron, Madame de
Rambouillet, and others.–3. The French Academy.–4. The Drama:
Corneille.–5. Philosophy: Descartes, Pascal; Port Royal.–6. The Rise of
the Golden Age of French Literature: Louis XIV.–7. Tragedy: Racine.–8.
Comedy: Moli`ere.–9. Fables, Satires, Mock-Heroic, and other Poetry: La
Fontaine, Boileau.–10. Eloquence of the Pulpit and of the Bar:
Bourdaloue, Bossuet, Massillon, Fl´echier, Le Maitre, D’Aguesseau, and
6
others.–11. Moral Philosophy: Rochefoucault, La Bruy`ere, Nicole.–12.
History and Memoirs: M´ezeray, Fleury, Rollia, Brantˆome, the Duke of Sully,
Cardinal de Retz.–13. Romance and Letter Writing: F´enelon, Madame de
S´evign´e.–257
PERIOD THIRD.–1. The Dawn of Skepticism: Bayle, J. B. Rousseau,
Fontenelle, Lamotte.–2. Progress of Skepticism: Montesquieu, Voltaire.
–3. French Literature during the Revolution: D’Holbach, D’Alembert,
Diderot, J. J. Rousseau, Buffon, Beaumarchais, St. Pierre, and others.
–4. French Literature under the Empire: Madame de Sta¨el, Chateaubriand,
Royer-Collard, Ronald, De Maistre.–5. French Literature from the Age of
the Restoration to the Present Time. History: Thierry, Sismondi, Thiers,
Mignet, Martin, Michelet, and others. Poetry and the Drama; Rise of the
Romantic School: B´eranger, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, and others; Les
Parnassiens. Fiction: Hugo, Gautier, Dumas, M´erim´ee, Balzac, Sand,
Sandeau, and others. Criticism: Sainte-Beuve, Taine, and others.
Miscellaneous.
SPANISH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. Spanish Literature and its
Divisions.–2. The Language.
PERIOD FIRST.–1. Early National Literature; the Poem of the Cid; Berceo,
Alfonso the Wise, Segura; Don Juan Manuel, the Archpriest of Hita, Santob,
Ayala.–2. Old Ballads.–3. The Chronicles.-4. Romances of Chivalry.–5.
The Drama.–6. Provenc¸al Literature in Spain.–7. The Influence of Italian
Literature in Spain.–8. The Cancioneros and Prose Writing.–9. The
Inquisition.
PERIODSECOND.–1. TheEffectofIntoleranceonLetters.–2. Influenceof
Italy on Spanish Literature; Boscan, Garcilasso de la Vega, Diego de
Mendoza.–3. History; Cortez, Gomara, Oviedo, Las Casas.–4. The Drama,
Rueda, Lope de Vega, Calderon de la Barca.–5. Romances and Tales;
Cervantes, and other Writers of Fiction.–6. Historical Narrative Poems;
Ercilla.–7. Lyric Poetry; the Argensolas; Luis de Leon, Quevedo, Herrera,
Gongora, and others.–8. Satirical and other Poetry.–9. History and other
Prose Writing; Zurita, Mariana, Sandoval, and others.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. French Influence on the Literature of Spain.–2. The
Dawn of Spanish Literature in the Eighteenth Century; Feyjoo, Isla,
Moratin the elder, Yriarte, Melendez, Gonzalez, Quintana, Moratin the
younger.–3. Spanish Literature in the Nineteenth Century.
PORTUGUESE LITERATURE.
7
1. The Portuguese Language.–2. Early Literature of Portugal.–3. Poets of
the Fifteenth Century; Macias, Ribeyro.–4. Introduction of the Italian
Style; Saa de Miranda, Montemayor, Ferreira.–5. Epic Poetry; Camo¨ens; the
Lusiad.–6. Dramatic Poetry; Gil Vicente.–7. Prose Writing; Rodriguez
Lobo, Barros, Brito, Veira.–8. Portuguese Literature in the Seventeenth,
Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries; Antonio Jos´e, Manuel do Nascimento,
Manuel de Bocage.
FINNISH LITERATURE.
1. The Finnish Language and Literature: Poetry; the Kalevala; L¨onnrot;
Korhonen.–2. The Hungarian Language and Literature: the Age of Stephen
I.; Influence of the House of Anjou; of the Reformation; of the House of
Austria; Kossuth; Josika; E¨otv¨os; Kuthy; Szigligeti; Pet¨ofi.
SLAVIC LITERATURES.
The Slavic Race and Languages; the Eastern and Western Stems; the
Alphabets; the Old or Church Slavic Language; St. Cyril’s Bible; the
Pravda Russkaya; the Annals of Nestor.
RUSSIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Language.–2. Literature in the Reign of Peter the Great; of
Alexander; of Nicholas; Danilof, Lomonosof, Kheraskof, Derzhavin,
Karamzin.–3. History, Poetry, the Drama: Kostrof, Dmitrief, Zhukoffski,
Krylof, Pushkin, Lermontoff, Gogol.–4. Literature in Russia since the
Crimean War: School of Nature; Turguenieff; Ultra-realistic School:
Science; Mendele´eff.
THE SERVIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
THE BOHEMIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Comenius, and others.
THE POLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Rey, Bielski, Copernicus, Czartoryski, Niemcewicz, Mickiewicz, and others.
ROMANIAN LITERATURE.
Carmen Sylva.
DUTCH LITERATURE.
1. The Language.–2. Dutch Literature to the Sixteenth Century: Maerlant;
Melis Stoke; De Weert; the Chambers of Rhetoric; the Flemish Chroniclers;
the Rise of the Dutch Republic.–3. The Latin Writers: Erasmus; Grotius;
Arminius; Lipsius; the Scaligers, and others; Salmasius; Spinoza;
8
Boerhaave; Johannes Secundus.–4. Dutch Writers of the Sixteenth Century:
Anna Byns; Coornhert; Marnix de St. Aldegonde; Bor, Visscher, and
Spieghel.–5. Writers of the Seventeenth Century: Hooft; Vondel; Cats;
Antonides; Brandt, and others; Decline in Dutch Literature.–6. The
Eighteenth Century: Poot; Langendijk; Hoogvliet; De Marre; Feitama;
Huydecoper; the Van Harens; Smits; Ten Kate; Van Winter; Van Merken; De
Lannoy; Van Alphen; Bellamy; Nieuwland, Styl, and others.–7. The
Nineteenth Century: Feith; Helmers; Bilderdyk; Van der Palm; Loosjes;
Loots, Tollens, Van Kampen, De s’Gravenweert, Hoevill, and others.
SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE.
1. Introduction. The Ancient Scandinavians; their Influence on the English
Race.–2. The Mythology.–3. The Scandinavian Languages.–4. Icelandic, or
Old Norse Literature: the Poetic Edda, the Prose Edda, the Scalds, the
Sagas, the ”Heimskringla.” The Folks-Sagas and Ballads of the Middle
Ages.–5. Danish Literature: Saxo Grammaticus and Theodoric; Arreboe,
Kingo, Tycho Brahe, Holberg, Evald, Baggesen, Oehlenschl¨ager, Grundtvig,
Blicher, Ingemann, Heiberg, Gyllenbourg, Winther, Hertz, Mu¨ller, Hans
Andersen, Plong, Goldschmidt, Hastrup, and others; Malte Brun, Rask, Rafn,
Magnusen, the brothers Oersted.–6. Swedish Literature: Messenius,
Stjernhjelm, Lucidor, and others. The Gallic period: Dalin, Nordenflycht,
Crutz and Gyllenborg, Gustavus III., Kellgren, Leopold, Oxenstjerna. The
New Era: Bellman, Hallman, Kexel, Wallenberg, Lidner, Thorild, Lengren,
Franzen, Wallin. The Phosphorists: Atterbom, Hammarsko¨ld, and Palmblad.
The Gothic School: Geijer, Tegn´er, Stagnelius, Almquist, Vitalis,
Runeberg, and others. The Romance Writers: Cederborg, Bremer, Carl´en,
Knorring. Science: Swedenborg, Linnaeus, and others.
GERMAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. German Literature and
its Divisions.–2. The Mythology.
–3. The Language.
PERIOD FIRST–1. Early Literature; Translation of the Bible by Ulphilas;
the Hildebrand Lied.–2. The Age of Charlemagne; his Successors; the
Ludwig’s Lied; Roswitha; the Lombard Cycle.–3. The Suabian Age; the
Crusades; the Minnesingers; the Romances of Chivalry; the Heldenbuch; the
Nibelungen Lied.–4. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries; the
Mastersingers; Satires and Fables; Mysteries and Dramatic Representations;
the Mystics; the Universities; the Invention of Printing.
PERIOD SECOND.–From 1517 to 1700.–1. The Lutheran Period: Luther,
Melanchthon.–2. Manuel, Zwingle, Fischart, Franck, Arnd, Boehm.–3.
9
Poetry, Satire, and Demonology; Paracelsus and Agrippa; the Thirty Years’
War.–4. The Seventeenth Century: Opitz, Leibnitz, Puffendorf, Kepler,
Wolf, Thomasius, Gerhard; Silesian Schools; Hoffmannswaldau, Lohenstein.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. The Swiss and Saxon Schools; Gottsched, Bodmer,
Rabener,
Gellert, K¨astner, and others.–2. Klopstock, Lessing, Wieland, and Herder.
–3. Goethe and Schiller.–4. The G¨ottingen School: Voss, Stolberg,
Claudius, Bu¨rger, and others.–5. The Romantic School: the Schlegels,
Novalis; Tieck, K¨orner, Arndt, Uhland, Heine, and others.–6. The Drama:
Goethe and Schiller; the Power Men ; Mu¨llner, Werner, Howald, and
Grillparzer.–7. Philosophy: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer,
and Hartmann. Science: Liebig, Du Bois-Raymond, Virchow, Helmholst,
Haeckel.–8. Miscellaneous Writings.
ENGLISH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.–1. English Literature . Its
Divisions.–2. The Language .
PERIOD FIRST.–1. Celtic Literature , Irish, Scotch, and Cymric Celts;
the Chronicles of Ireland; Ossian’s Poems; Traditions of Arthur; the
Triads; Tales.–2. Latin Literature , Bede; Alcuin; Erigena.–3. Anglo-
Saxon Literature . Poetry; Prose; Versions of Scripture; the Saxon
Chronicle; Alfred.
PERIOD SECOND.–The Norman Age and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Centuries.–1. Literature in the Latin Tongue .–2. Literature in
Norman-French . Poetry; Romances of Chivalry.–3. Saxon-English .
Metrical Remains.–4. Literature in the fourteenth Century .–Prose
Writers: Occam, Duns Scotus, Wickliffe, Mandeville, Chaucer. Poetry;
Langland, Gower, Chaucer.–5. Literature in the Fifteenth Century .
Ballads.–6. Poets of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries in
Scotland . Wyntoun, Harbour, and others.
PERIOD THIRD.–1. Age of the Reformation (1509-1558). Classical,
Theological, and Miscellaneous Literature: Sir Thomas More and others.
Poetry: Skelton, Surrey, and Sackville; the Drama.–2. The Age of
Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, and Milton (1558-1660). Scholastic and
Ecclesiastical Literature. Translations of the Bible: Hooker, Andrews,
Donne. Hall, Taylor, Baxter; other Prose Writers: Fuller, Cudworth, Bacon,
Hobbes, Raleigh, Milton, Sidney, Selden, Burton, Browne, and Cowley.
Dramatic Poetry: Marlowe and Greene, Shakspeare, Beaumont and Fletcher,
Ben Jonson, and others; Massinger, Ford, and Shirley; Decline of the
Drama. Non-dramatic Poetry: Spenser and the Minor Poets. Lyrical Poets:
Donne, Cowley, Denham, Waller, Milton.–3. The Age of the Restoration and
10
