Handbook of solid phase microextraction

497 Pages·2011·6.806 MB·English

by  Janusz Pawliszyn, ScienceDirect (Online service)

Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction
This page intentionally left blank
Handbook of Solid Phase
Microextraction
Janusz Pawliszyn
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
Canada
AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD(cid:1)PARIS
SANDIEGO(cid:1)SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO
Elsevier
32JamestownRoadLondonNW17BY
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
Firstedition2012
Copyrightr2012ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour
arrangementwithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright
LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby
thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,
ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.
Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe
safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or
editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter
ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,
products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-416017-0
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteatelsevierdirect.com
Thisisane-onlyproduct
TomembersofmyresearchgroupattheUniversityofWaterloo,myindustrialand
academiccollaboratorsandtheDepartmentofChemistryforhelpinthedevelopment
oftheSPMEtechnologyandthishandbook.
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contents
Preface xv
ListofContributors xvii
1 Solid-PhaseMicroextractioninPerspective 1
JanuszPawliszyn
1.1 SamplePreparationasPartoftheAnalyticalProcess 1
1.2 ClassificationofExtractionTechniques 3
1.3 Perspective onMicroextractionTechniques 5
1.4 ImplementationsofSPME 7
1.5 MiniaturisationandIntegration 8
1.6 InVivoAnalysis 9
1.7 SPMEVersusSPE 10
References 11
2 TheoryofSolid-PhaseMicroextraction 13
JanuszPawliszyn
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 SPMEPrinciple 14
2.3 Thermodynamics 16
2.3.1 DistributionConstant 16
2.3.2 EstimationofDistributionConstants 17
2.3.3 EffectofExtractionParametersonDistributionConstants 20
2.3.4 DistributionConstantsintheHeating(cid:1)CoolingEnvironment 24
2.3.5 MultiphaseEquilibriainSPME 26
2.3.6 MatrixEffects 31
2.3.7 CharacteristicsoftheExtractionPhases 32
2.4 Kinetics 33
2.4.1 DirectExtraction 34
2.4.2 DesorptionofExtractedAnalytes 42
2.4.3 HeadspaceExtraction 43
2.4.4 IndirectSPMEExtractionThroughaMembrane 46
2.5 ExtractionwithDerivatisation 46
2.6 ExtractionofSampleMatricesContainingSolids 47
2.6.1 ConvolutionModelofExtraction 48
2.7 SolidVersusLiquidSorbents 50
2.8 PassiveTWASampling 51
2.9 In-TubeSPME 53
viii Contents
2.10 ExperimentalVerification 54
References 57
3 DevelopmentofSPMEDevicesandCoatings 61
JanuszPawliszyn
3.1 Historical Perspective 61
3.2 RationalDesignofSPMEDevices 65
3.2.1 AgitationforAirSampling 65
3.2.2 AgitationforAqueousSampling 65
3.2.3 Cold-FibreSPME 67
3.2.4 High-Surface-AreaSamplers
(Thin-FilmMicroextraction) 68
3.3 On-SiteSamplers 70
3.3.1 FieldSamplers 70
3.3.2 NTDevices 71
3.3.3 TWADevices 73
3.3.4 InVivoSamplers 73
3.4 DevelopmentofNewSPMECoatings 76
3.4.1 CoatingPreparationMethods 78
3.4.2 Affinity-BasedCoatings 81
3.4.3 BiocompatibleCoatings 82
3.5 InterfacestoAnalyticalInstrumentation 84
3.5.1 SPME(cid:1)GCInterface 85
3.5.2 FieldPortableSPME(cid:1)FastGC 87
3.5.3 SPME(cid:1)HPLCInterface 89
3.5.4 SPME(cid:1)MALDIInterface 90
3.5.5 SPME(cid:1)NanosprayMSInterface 92
3.5.6 OtherInterfaces 93
References 95
4 SPMECommercialDevicesandFibreCoatings 99
RobertE.Shirey
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 DescriptionofSPMEFibreAssembliesandHolders 99
4.2.1 Assemblieswith24-Versus23-GaugeNeedles 101
4.2.2 GCInletSeals 102
4.3 DescriptionofFibreCores,CoatingsandtheCoatingProcess 103
4.3.1 TypesandSelectionofFibreCores 103
4.3.2 TypesofCommerciallyAvailableSPMECoatings 105
4.3.3 AbsorbentCoatingsandCoatingProcess 108
4.3.4 AdsorbentCoatingsandCoatingProcess 110
4.3.5 HPLCandBiocompatibleFibres 118
4.4 AGuidefortheSelectionoftheAppropriateSPMEFibre 120
4.4.1 TheEffectofAnalyteMolecularWeightandSize 120
4.4.2 TheEffectofAnalytePolarity 124
Contents ix
4.4.3 EffectonSampleConcentrationandComplexity
onFibreSelection 129
4.4.4 SummaryofSelectionGuidelines 131
References 132
5 AutomatedSPMESystems 135
JanuszPawliszyn,DajanaVuckovic,FatemehMirnaghi
andSanjaRisticevic
5.1 AutomatedSolid-PhaseMicroextraction(cid:1)GasChromatography 135
5.1.1 AutomationofFibreSPME(cid:1)GC 135
5.1.2 CommercialAutosamplersforGC 141
5.1.3 FibreConditioners 143
5.1.4 In-TubeandOtherSPMEConfigurationsCoupled
withGC 144
5.1.5 AutomationofProceduresInvolvingIn-Fibre
Derivatisation 145
5.1.6 OtherAutomatedSPME(cid:1)GCProcedures 146
5.2 AutomatedSPME(cid:1)LC 150
5.2.1 AutomatedIn-TubeSPME(cid:1)LC 150
5.2.2 High-ThroughputSPME(cid:1)LCAnalysisUsing
theConcept96Autosampler 153
5.3 OtherAutomatedConfigurationsInvolvingSPME 161
5.3.1 AutomatedSPMECouplingwithOtherAnalytical
Instruments 161
5.3.2 AutomationofSPMEFormatsOtherthanFibreorIn-Tube 161
5.3.3 NTDevices 162
Acknowledgements 163
References 163
6 Calibration 167
GangfengOuyang
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 TraditionalCalibrationMethodsfortheQuantificationofSPME 168
6.2.1 ExternalStandardCalibration 168
6.2.2 StandardAddition 170
6.2.3 InternalStandard 171
6.3 EquilibriumExtraction 172
6.4 ExhaustiveExtraction 174
6.5 Diffusion-BasedCalibration 175
6.5.1 Fick’sFirstLawofDiffusion 176
6.5.2 InterfaceModelandCross-FlowModel 179
6.5.3 KineticCalibration 183
6.6 CalibrationofSPMEbyLiquidInjection 189
6.7 Summary 192
References 196