Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control

1577 Pages·2007·113.49 MB·English

by  Malcolm J. Crocker

HANDBOOK OF NOISE
AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control. Edited by Malcolm J. Crocker Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Malcolm J. Crocker, Editor-in-Chief
Robert J. Bernhard, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Klaus Brinkmann, Braunschweig, Germany
Michael Bockhoff, Senlis, France
David J. Ewins, London, England
George T. Flowers, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Samir N. Y. Gerges, Florianopolis, Brazil
Colin H. Hansen, Adelaide, Australia
Hanno H. Heller, Braunschweig, Germany
Finn Jacobsen, Lyngby, Denmank
Daniel J. Inman, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Nickolay I. Ivanov, St. Petersburg, Russia
M. L. Munjal, Bangalore, India
P. A. Nelson, Southampton, England
David E. Newland, Cambridge, England
August Schick, Oldenburg, Germany
Andrew F. Seybert, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
Eric E. Ungar, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Jan W. Verheij, Delft, The Netherlands
Henning von Gierke, Dayton, Ohio, USA
HANDBOOK OF NOISE AND
VIBRATION CONTROL
Edited by
Malcolm J. Crocker
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Copyright2007byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
WileyBicentennialLogo:RichardJ.Pacifico.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe
1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthrough
paymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,
[phone],fax[phone],orontheWebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe
addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,[phone],fax
[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandtheauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthis
book,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookand
specificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreated
orextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable
foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliable
foranylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother
damages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactourCustomerCare
DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein
electronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data:
Handbookofnoiseandvibrationcontrol/editedbyMalcolmJ.Crocker.
p.cm.
ISBN978-0-471-39599-7 (Cloth)
1.Noise–Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Vibration–Handbooks,manuals,etc.3.Noisecontrol–Handbooks,manuals,etc.
I.Crocker,MalcolmJ.
TD892.H3532007
620.2(cid:1)3–dc22
2007007042
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
For Ruth
CONTENTS
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
1. Fundamentals of Acoustics, Noise, and Vibration 1
Malcolm J.Crocker
PART I. Fundamentals of Acoustics and Noise 17
2. Theory of Sound—Predictions and Measurement 19
Malcolm J.Crocker
3. Sound Sources 43
Philip A. Nelson
4. Sound Propagation in Rooms 52
K. Heinrich Kuttruff
5. Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere 67
Keith Attenborough
6. Sound Radiation from Structures and Their Response to Sound 79
Jean-Louis Guyader
7. Numerical Acoustical Modeling (Finite Element Modeling) 101
R. JeremyAstley
8. Boundary Element Modeling 116
D. W. Herrin, T.W. Wu, and A. F. Seybert
9. Aerodynamic Noise: Theory and Applications 128
Philip J.Morris and Geoffrey M.Lilley
10. Nonlinear Acoustics 159
Oleg V. Rudenko and Malcolm J. Crocker
PART II. Fundamentals of Vibration 169
11. General Introduction to Vibration 171
Bjorn A. T. Petersson
12. Vibration of Simple Discrete and Continuous Systems 180
Yuri I. Bobrovnitskii
13. Random Vibration 205
David E. Newland
14. Response of Systems to Shock 212
Charles Robert Welch and Robert M.Ebeling
vii
viii CONTENTS
15. Passive Damping 225
Daniel J.Inman
16. Structure-Borne Energy Flow 232
Goran Pavic´
17. Statistical Energy Analysis 241
JeromeE. Manning
18. Nonlinear Vibration 255
LawrenceN. Virgin, Earl H. Dowell, and George Flowers
PART III. Human Hearing and Speech 269
19. General Introduction to Human Hearing and Speech 271
Karl T.Kalveram
20. The Ear: Its Structure and Function, Related to Hearing 277
Hiroshi Wada
21. Hearing Thresholds, Loudness of Sound, and Sound Adaptation 286
William A. Yost,
22. Speech Production and Speech Intelligibility 293
Christine H. Shadle
PART IV. Effects of Noise, Blast, Vibration, and Shock on People 301
23. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Effects on People
and Hearing Conservation 303
Malcolm J.Crocker
24. Sleep Disturbance due to Transportation Noise Exposure 308
LawrenceS. Finegold, Alain G. Muzet, and Bernard F. Berry
25. Noise-Induced Annoyance 316
Sandford Fidell
26. Effects of Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound on People 320
Norm Broner
27. Auditory Hazards of Impulse and Impact Noise 326
Donald Henderson and Roger P. Hamernik
28. Effects of Intense Noise on People and Hearing Loss 337
Rickie R. Davis and William J. Murphy
29. Effects of Vibration on People 343
Michael J. Griffin
30. Effects of Mechanical Shock on People 354
A. J. Brammer
31. Hearing Protectors 364
Samir N. Y.Gerges and John G. Casali
32. Development of Standards and Regulations for Occupational Noise 377
Alice H. Suter
33. Hearing Conservation Programs 383
John Erdreich
34. Rating Measures, Descriptors, Criteria, and Procedures for Determining
Human Response to Noise 394
Malcolm J.Crocker
CONTENTS ix
PART V. Noise and Vibration Transducers, Analysis Equipment, Signal
Processing, and Measuring Techniques 415
35. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Transducers, Measuring
Equipment, Measurements, Signal Acquisition, and Processing 417
Malcolm J.Crocker
36. Acoustical Transducer Principles and Types of Microphones 435
Gunnar Rasmussen and Per Rasmussen
37. Vibration Transducer Principles and Types of Vibration Transducers 444
Colin H. Hansen
38. Sound Level Meters 455
George S. K.Wong
39. Noise Dosimeters 465
Chucri A. Kardous
40. Analyzers and Signal Generators 470
Henrik Herlufsen, Svend Gade, and Harry K.Zaveri
41. Equipment for Data Acquisition 486
Zhuang Li and Malcolm J. Crocker
42. Signal Processing 493
Allan G. Piersol
43. Noise and Vibration Measurements 501
Pedro R. Valletta and Malcolm J.Crocker
44. Determination of Sound PowerLeveland Emission Sound PressureLevel 526
Hans G. Jonasson
45. Sound Intensity Measurements 534
Finn Jacobsen
46. Noise and Vibration Data Analysis 549
Robert B. Randall
47. Modal Analysis and Modal Testing 565
David J. Ewins
48. Machinery Condition Monitoring 575
Robert B. Randall
49. Wavelet Analysis of Vibration Signals 585
David E. Newland
50. Use of Near-Field Acoustical Holography in Noise and Vibration
Measurements 598
Earl G. Williams
51. Calibration of Measurement Microphones 612
Erling Frederiksen
52. Calibration of Shock and Vibration Transducers 624
Torben Rask Licht
53. Metrology and Traceability of Vibration and Shock Measurements 633
Hans-Ju¨rgen von Martens
PART VI. Principles of Noise and Vibration Control and Quiet
Machinery Design 647
54. Introduction to Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 649
Malcolm J.Crocker
x CONTENTS
55. Noise and Vibration Source Identification 668
Malcolm J.Crocker
56. Use of Enclosures 685
Jorge P. Arenas and Malcolm J. Crocker
57. Use of Sound-Absorbing Materials 696
Malcolm J.Crockerand JorgeP. Arenas
58. Use of Barriers 714
Jorge P. Arenas
59. Use of Vibration Isolation 725
Eric E. Ungar
60. Damping of Structures and Use of Damping Materials 734
Eric E. Ungar
61. Dynamic Vibration Absorbers 745
Leif Kari
62. Rotor Balancing and Unbalance-Caused Vibration 753
Maurice L. Adams, Jr.
63. Active Noise Control 761
Stephen J. Elliott
64. Active Vibration Control 770
Christopher Fuller
65. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Sensors for Noise and
Vibration Applications 785
James J.Allen
66. Design of Low-Noise Machinery 794
Michael Bockhoff
67. Psychoacoustics and Product Sound Quality 805
Malcolm J.Crocker
PART VII. Industrial and Machine Element Noise and Vibration
Sources—Prediction and Control 829
68. Machinery Noise and Vibration Sources 831
Malcolm J.Crocker
69. Gear Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control Methods 847
Donald R. Houser
70. Types of Bearings and Means of Noise and Vibration Prediction and
Control 857
George Zusman
71. Centrifugal and Axial Fan Noise Prediction and Control 868
Gerald C.Lauchle
72. Types of Electric Motors and Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control
Methods 885
George Zusman
73. Pumps and Pumping System Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control 897
Mirko Cˇudina