Handbook of Nanobiomedical Research : Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments (In 4 Volumes)

2348 Pages·2014·83.007 MB·English

by  Vladimir Torchilin

Vol. 3
Frontiers in Nanobiomedical Research
HANDBOOK OF
NANOBIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
Fundamentals, Applications
and Recent Developments
l1 Materials for Nanomedicine
8874v1_9789814520645_tp.indd 1 26/6/14 1:52 pm
Frontiers in Nanobiomedical Research
ISSN: 2251-3965
Series Editors: Martin L. Yarmush (Harvard Medical School, USA)
Donglu Shi (University of Cincinnati, USA)

Published
Vol. 1: Handbook of Immunological Properties of Engineered
Nanomaterials
edited by Marina A. Dobrovolskaia and Scott E. McNeil
(SAIC-Frederick, Inc., USA)
Vol. 2: Tissue Regeneration: Where Nano-Structure Meets Biology
edited by Qing Liu (3D Biotek, USA and Tongji University,
China) and Hongjun Wang (Stevens Institute of Technology, USA)
Vol. 3: Handbook of Nanobiomedical Research: Fundamentals, Applications
and Recent Developments (In 4 Volumes)
edited by Vladimir Torchilin (Northeastern University, USA)
Forthcoming titles
Cancer Therapeutics and Imaging: Molecular and Cellular Engineering and
Nanobiomedicine
edited by Kaushal Rege (Arizona State University, USA)
Nano Vaccines
edited by Balaji Narasimhan (Iowa State University, USA)
Nano Pharmaceuticals
edited by Rajesh N. Dave (New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA)
Thermal Aspects in Nanobiomedical Systems and Devices
by Dong Cai (Boston College, USA)
Nano Mechanochemistry in Biology
edited by Jeffrey Ruberti (Northeastern University, USA)
Nanomaterial Probes of Biological Processes and Systems
edited by David Mast (University of Cincinnati, USA)
Handbook of Biomaterials
edited by Donglu Shi (University of Cincinnati, USA) and
Xuejun Wen (Clemson University, USA)
Sanjeed - Hdbk of Nanobiomedical Research.indd 1 26/6/2014 3:04:56 PM
HANDBOOK OF
NANOBIOMEDICAL
RESEARCH
Fundamentals, Applications
and Recent Developments
l
1 Materials for Nanomedicine
editor Vol. 3
Vladimir Torchilin Frontiers in
Northeastern University, USA Nanobiomedical
Research
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
8874v1_9789814520645_tp.indd 2 26/6/14 1:52 pm
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
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UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of nanobiomedical research : fundamentals, applications, and recent developments / editor,
Vladimir Torchilin.
p. ; cm. -- (Frontiers in nanobiomedical research ; vol. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-9814520645 (set : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-9814520676 (volume 1 : alk. paper) --
ISBN 978-9814520683 (volume 2 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-9814520690 (volume 3 : alk. paper) --
ISBN 978-9814520706 (volume 4 : alk. paper)
I. Torchilin, V. P., editor. II. Series: Frontiers in nanobiomedical research ; v. 3. 2251-3965
[DNLM: 1. Nanomedicine. 2. Nanostructures. 3. Nanotechnology. QT 36.5]
R857.N34
610.28--dc23
2014024090
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
Sanjeed - Hdbk of Nanobiomedical Research.indd 2 26/6/2014 3:04:56 PM
Vol-I b1655 Handbook of Nanobiomedical Research 11 July 2014 6:50 AM
Contents
Chapter 1 Liposomal Nanomedicines 1
Amr S. Abu Lila, Tatsuhiro Ishida and Theresa M. Allen
Chapter 2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 55
Karsten Mäder
Chapter 3 Micellar Nanopreparations for Medicine 87
Rupa Sawant and Aditi Jhaveri
Chapter 4 Nanoemulsions in Medicine 141
William B. Tucker and Sandro Mecozzi
Chapter 5 Drug Nanocrystals and Nanosuspensions in Medicine 169
Leena Peltonen, Jouni Hirvonen and Timo Laaksonen
Chapter 6 Polymeric Nanosystems for Integrated
Image-Guided Cancer Therapy 199
Amit Singh, Arun K. Iyer and Mansoor M. Amiji
Chapter 7 Polysaccharide-Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 235
Carmen Teijeiro, Adam McGlone, Noemi Csaba,
Marcos Garcia-Fuentes and María J. Alonso
Chapter 8 Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications 279
Lisa M. Kaminskas, Victoria M. McLeod, Seth A. Jones,
Ben J. Boyd and Christopher J. H. Porter
Chapter 9 Layer-by-Layer Nanopreparations for Medicine — Smart
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Capsules and Coatings 329
Rawil F. Fakhrullin, Gleb B. Sukhorukov and Yuri M. Lvov
v
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Vol-I b1655 Handbook of Nanobiomedical Research 11 July 2014 6:50 AM
vi Contents
Chapter 10 Inorganic Nanopreparations for Nanomedicine 367
James Ramos and Kaushal Rege
Chapter 11 Silica-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Imaging
and Drug Delivery Applications 403
Stephanie A. Kramer and Wenbin Lin
Chapter 12 Carbon Nanotubes in Biomedical Applications 439
Krunal K. Mehta, Elena E. Paskaleva,
Jonathan S. Dordick and Ravi S. Kane
Chapter 13 Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 475
Mahmoud Elsabahy and Karen L. Wooley
Chapter 14 Structure–Activity Relationships for Tumor-Targeting
Gold Nanoparticles 519
Erik C. Dreaden, Ivan H. El-Sayed
and Mostafa A. El-Sayed
Chapter 15 Silver Nanoparticles as Novel Antibacterial
and Antiviral Agents 565
Stefania Galdiero, Annarita Falanga,
Marco Cantisani, Avinash Ingle, Massimiliano
Galdiero and Mahendra Rai
Chapter 16 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 595
Rainer Tietze, Harald Unterweger
and Christoph Alexiou
Chapter 17 Quantum Dots as a Platform Nanomaterial
for Biomedical Applications 621
Eleonora Petryayeva, Roza Bidshahri, Kate Liu,
Charles A. Haynes, Igor L. Medintz, and W. Russ Algar
Index 663
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Vol-I b1655 Handbook of Nanobiomedical Research 11 July 2014 6:47 AM
Chapter 1
Liposomal Nanomedicines
Amr S. Abu Lila*,†, Tatsuhiro Ishida* and Theresa M. Allen‡,§
*Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics,
Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute
of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima;
1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
†Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
§[email protected]
1. Introduction
Since Bangham’s original description of phospholipid bilayer vesicles in
1965,1 liposomes have emerged as archetypal nanoscale drug carriers, and
they have received much attention as transporters of pharmacological
agents.2–7 Liposomes, sometimes called l ipidic nanoparticles (LNP), are
phospholipid bilayer vesicles that self-assemble when naturally occurring, or
synthetic, phospholipids (PLs) are hydrated with excess water or aqueous salt
solutions. Hydration can occur from dried preparations or in the presence of
organic solvent such as ethanol, and various therapeutic molecules can be
included in the hydration solution.
Some examples of the PLs commonly used in liposome production
include phosphatidylcholine (PC), in particular hydrogenated soybean phos-
phatidylcholine (HSPC), sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylglycerol
(PG), and also the lipid cholesterol (Chol) is often included in the prepara-
tions. Liposomes can range in diameter from 0.025 µm to greater than
1
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2 A. S. Abu Lila, T. Ishida & T. M. Allen
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 1. Structures of different liposomal preparations, (a) classical liposome encapsulating
lipid soluble drugs, (b) classical liposome encapsulating aqueous soluble drugs, (c) sterically
stabilized liposomes and (d) ligand-targeted liposome containing an aqueous soluble drug.
20 µm, and are composed of a single bilayer surrounding an aqueous core,
or of multiple bilayers, called lamellae, which are separated by aqueous com-
partments. Because of their amphiphilic nature, liposomes can accommodate
a variety of drugs with different physicochemical characteristics Figs. 1(a)–
1(b). Hydrophilic drugs — polar and ionic compounds — can be encapsu-
lated within the internal aqueous compartments,8 while lipophilic drugs, are
usually associated with the fatty acyl chains of the lipid bilayers9 Moreover,
drugs may partition between the enclosed aqueous volume and the phospho-
lipid bilayer membranes according to the solubility and ionization character-
istics of the drug, which is greatly affected by the pH of the surrounding
medium.10–12
The net surface charge of a liposome can be varied by incorporation of
lipids with negative or positive charges. For example, inclusion of a long-
chain amine in the bilayer will give positively charged vesicles, and inclusion
of diacetyl phosphate will give negatively charged vesicles. Positively charged
liposomes have been used experimentally as carriers for anionic genetic
materials.13–15
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Liposomal Nanomedicines 3
2. Inherent Problems Relating to Liposomal Formulations
2.1. Non-optimal drug release rates
Drug release rates can have implications for the therapeutic effects of all types
of drug delivery systems, including liposomes. It is well-known that drugs
entrapped in liposomes, or other types of particles, are not bioavailable; they
only become bioavailable when they are released. Therefore, optimization of
the release rate of entrapped drugs from the liposomes is crucial for ensuring
the delivery of minimal therapeutic concentrations of bioavailable drugs
within the target tissue, at appropriate rates, for sufficient periods of time, to
achieve an acceptable therapeutic outcome.16–18
Soon after the development of liposomes as d rug delivery systems, several
problems associated with the in vivo use of the 1st generation “ classical”
liposomes were identified. The challenges include: the difficulty in retaining
some types of molecules, in particular hydrophobic substances, in association
with the liposomes, and an inappropriate rate of drug release from liposomes.
Drug release from liposomes was shown to be mediated by factors such as
interactions with serum proteins,19–21 the drug loading method, and the phys-
icochemical properties of the lipid membrane and the entrapped drug.22
Drugs with extremely low octanol/buffer partition coefficients exhibited
prolonged liposomal retention, whereas molecules with log p ranging from
−0.3 to 1.7 were, in contrast, released rapidly.23 Alteration of the membrane
composition of liposomes was found to affect the release rate of the encapsu-
lated drug. Switching from a fluid phase phospholipid bilayer to a solid phase
bilayer,24 and incorporation of cholesterol19,25,26 were shown to reduce the
leakage of drugs from liposomes.
With the development of active “ remote” loading procedures for encap-
sulation of weak bases and weak acids, and by the careful choice of drugs with
physical characteristics that made them amenable to retention in liposomes,
control over the release rate of entrapped drugs could be achieved. The reten-
tion properties of drugs in liposomes are dependent on the drug properties
and the bilayer properties. For example, weak bases such as doxorubicin
(DXR), which are hydrophobic at physiological pH, can be retained for long
periods of time when present as sulfate or citrate precipitates inside liposomes
that have an interior/exterior pH gradient.27 Other drugs that lack an
ionizable group, including paclitaxel or ciprofloxacin, cannot be remotely
loaded and are released rapidly from liposomes.28–31 Alteration of the drug-to-
lipid ratio was found to affect the drug release rate, in a drug-dependent
manner. Mayer et al.32 have reported that increasing the drug-to-lipid ratio
resulted in decreased drug retention of DXR. On the other hand, increasing
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