Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty Acids

842 Pages·2015·6.62 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

Handbook of Lipids in Human
Function: Fatty Acids
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Handbook of Lipids in Human
Function: Fatty Acids
Editors
Ronald Ross Watson
Health Promotion Sciences Department, Mel and
Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health,
and School of Medicine, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA
Fabien De Meester
DMF Ltd Co, Marche, Belgium
TsimTsoum Institute, Krakow, Poland
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Contents
List of Contributors..........................................................................................xxi
Preface...........................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................xxxi
Chapter 1: Personalized Diet and Lifestyle Interventions on
Lipids and Lipoproteins........................................................................ 1
Yan Zheng and Lu Qi
Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Diet Habits, Lifestyles, and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins...............................2
Genetic Determinants of Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins....................................3
Gene(cid:1)Diet/Lifestyle Interactions and Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins...............6
Lipidomics...................................................................................................................12
Summary......................................................................................................................15
References....................................................................................................................16
Chapter 2: Trans Fats and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases:
Facts or Artifacts?............................................................................. 21
Farid Menaa, Bouzid Menaa, Barkat Ali Kahn and Abder Menaa
Introduction..................................................................................................................21
From Cis to TFAs: Natural Perfection to Industrial Imperfection.............................21
Physicochemical Characteristics of TFAs: Valuable Reasons for Industrial
Production....................................................................................................................23
Analytical TFA Characterization: Not Always Easy, But Often Present..................24
TFAs on Health and Cardiovascular Diseases: Are They Really
Hurting the Heart?.......................................................................................................25
TFA-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Higher CVD Risks....................26
v
vi Contents
Contrasting Panorama of Worldwide TFA Consumption Is Relying on
Technological Alternatives and Preventive Policies..................................................27
Key Points....................................................................................................................29
References....................................................................................................................30
Chapter 3: Fatty Acids and Cardiac Ischemia Reperfusion Injury........................... 39
Sri Nagarjun Batchu, Ketul Chaudhary, Igor Zlobine,
Jasmine Pawa and John M. Seubert
Introduction..................................................................................................................39
Membrane Organization..............................................................................................41
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.......................................................................................42
Cardioprotection..........................................................................................................45
Myocardial Energetics.................................................................................................47
The n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids..........................................................................49
The n-3 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease................................................................50
The n-3 PUFA Antiarrythmetic Effects......................................................................51
The n-3 PUFA Alterations to Membrane Microdomain............................................52
The n-3 PUFA Effects on Cardiac Function..............................................................53
The n-3 PUFA Index...................................................................................................54
The n-3 PUFA Effects on Mitochondrial Function....................................................55
The n-3 PUFA Metabolites.........................................................................................56
The n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids..........................................................................57
n-6 PUFAs in Cardiovascular Disease........................................................................59
n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of AA...........................................................59
n-6 PUFAs: CYP-Derived Metabolites of LA............................................................61
n-6 PUFAs: Cyclooxygenase-Derived Metabolites....................................................62
n-6 PUFAs: Lipooxygenase-Derived Metabolites......................................................63
The n-6/n-3 FA Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease.......................................................63
Trans Fatty Acids........................................................................................................64
Saturated Fatty Acids..................................................................................................66
References....................................................................................................................68
Chapter 4: Lipids Nutrition and Epigenetic Modification in
Obesity-Related Co-Morbitities.......................................................... 85
Giovanni Tarantino and Carmine Finelli
List Abbreviations.......................................................................................................85
Contents vii
Introduction..................................................................................................................86
Obesity and Epigenetic................................................................................................87
Atherosclerosis and Epigenetic...................................................................................89
NAFLD and Epigenetic...............................................................................................92
Cancer and Epigenetics...............................................................................................95
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Epigenetic..............................................................97
Conclusion...................................................................................................................99
References..................................................................................................................103
Chapter 5: Dairy Products: Their Role in the Diet and Effects on
Cardiovascular Disease.....................................................................111
Ditte A. Hobbs, Julie A. Lovegrove and Ian D. Givens
Introduction................................................................................................................111
Trends in the Consumption of Milk and Dairy Foods.............................................112
Nutrients Provided by Dairy Foods..........................................................................114
Contribution of Dairy Foods to Fat and Fatty Acid Intake......................................116
Epidemiological Evidence of the Association Between Dairy
Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease................................................................117
Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular
Disease: Evidence from Intervention Studies...........................................................118
Dairy and Blood Lipid Profile.............................................................................119
Dairy and Insulin Action......................................................................................120
Dairy, Blood Pressure, and Arterial Stiffness...........................................................120
Trans Fatty Acids from Milk and Cardiovascular Disease......................................123
Conclusions................................................................................................................125
Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................125
References..................................................................................................................125
Chapter 6: Fatty Acids in Corn Oil: Role in Heart Disease Prevention.................131
Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Alexane Travers
Introduction................................................................................................................131
Effects of Corn Oil/Linoleic Acid on Plasma Lipid Profile.....................................134
Effects of Corn Oil on Inflammation........................................................................135
Effects of Linoleic Acid on Inflammation................................................................136
Conclusions................................................................................................................137
References..................................................................................................................138
viii Contents
Chapter 7: Dietary Approaches to Reduce Aortic Stiffness...................................141
Matthew P. Pase
Background on Aortic Stiffness................................................................................141
Measurement of Aortic Stiffness..............................................................................142
Consequences of High Aortic Stiffness and Aortic BP............................................143
The Importance of Keeping Aortic Stiffness Low...................................................145
Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness:
A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence.............................................................146
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipids.........................................................................146
Fiber......................................................................................................................147
Dairy Products......................................................................................................147
Mediterranean Diet...............................................................................................147
Foods and Beverages Containing Flavonoids......................................................147
Dietary Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness:
A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials............................................................148
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet..................................................148
Omega-3 Fatty Acids............................................................................................149
Foods Containing Flavonoids...............................................................................151
Fermented Milk Products.....................................................................................151
Coffee, Tea, Caffeine, Alcohol, and Juice...........................................................151
Salt Restriction.....................................................................................................154
Vitamins................................................................................................................154
Lifestyle Factors........................................................................................................155
Future Directions.......................................................................................................155
Summary....................................................................................................................156
References..................................................................................................................156
Chapter 8: Inflammation and Atherogenic Effects Due to Saturated
Fatty Acids ......................................................................................163
Rudolf Poledne
Introduction................................................................................................................163
Epidemiology of Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and CHD Risk.................................163
Reasons Epidemiology Data Are So Inconsistent....................................................165
Analysis of Nutrient Consumption.......................................................................165
Different Changes of Risk Factors over Time..........................................................166
Genetic Influence of Pro-Inflammation Status.........................................................168
Inflammation and Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis............................................169
Molecular Mechanism of SFA Influence..................................................................173
Contents ix
Clinical Controlled Study of SFA Intake..................................................................175
Conclusion.................................................................................................................176
Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................177
References..................................................................................................................177
Further Reading.........................................................................................................179
Chapter 9: The Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
(n-3 PUFAs) in Atrial Fibrillation.....................................................181
Victoria M. Robinson and Peter R. Kowey
Introduction................................................................................................................181
Overview of the Classification and Pathophysiology of AF....................................182
Potential Antifibrillatory Mechanisms of n-3 PUFA................................................182
Reduced Atrial Stretch.........................................................................................182
Modulation of Cardiac Connexins.......................................................................182
Increased Membrane Fluidity...............................................................................184
Prolongation of the Effective Refractory Period.................................................184
Direct Effect on Ion Channels..............................................................................184
Modification of Autonomic Tone........................................................................185
Decreased Responsiveness to Angiotensin II......................................................185
Anti-Inflammatory................................................................................................185
Human Studies...........................................................................................................186
Paroxysmal AF.....................................................................................................186
Postoperative AF..................................................................................................186
Reasons for Inconsistent Results in Human Studies................................................186
Heterogeneity in Study Design............................................................................186
Population Size.....................................................................................................192
AF Underreporting................................................................................................192
Placebo Issues.......................................................................................................192
Publication Bias....................................................................................................193
Population Heterogeneity..........................................................................................193
Age........................................................................................................................193
Comorbidities and the Degree of Atrial Remodeling..........................................194
Concomitant Drug Use.........................................................................................195
AF Subtype and Duration..........................................................................................196
Differences in Fish Oil Supplementation and Duration...........................................197
Duration of n-3 PUFA Supplementation.............................................................197
Differences in n-3 PUFA Supplements and Their
Delivery to Patients..............................................................................................198
Are n-3 PUFAs Harmful?.........................................................................................199