Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials: Properties, Advantages and Shortcomings for Applications Volume 1: Conventional Approaches

454 Pages·2013·9.34 MB·English

by  Ghenadii Korotcenkov (auth.)

Integrated Analytical Systems
Series Editor: Radislav A. Potyrailo
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Handbook
of Gas Sensor
Materials
Properties, Advantages and
Shortcomings for Applications
Volume 1: Conventional Approaches
Integrated Analytical Systems
This comprehensive and interdisciplinary series offers the most recent advances in all key aspects of
development and applications of modern instrumentation for chemical and biological analysis on
the microscale.
These key aspects will include (1) innovations in sample introduction through micro- and nano- fl uidic
designs, (2) new types and methods of fabrication of physical transducers and ion detectors, (3) materials
for sensors that became available due to the breakthroughs in combinatorial materials science and
nanotechnology, and (4) innovative data processing and mining methodologies that provide dramatically
reduced rates of false alarms.
Clearly, a true multidisciplinary effort is required to meet objectives for a system with previously
unavailable capabilities. This cross-discipline fertilization is driven by the expanding need for chemical
and biological detection and monitoring and leads to the creation of instruments with new capabilities
for new demanding applications. Indeed, instruments with more sensitivity are required today to
analyze ultra-trace levels of environmental pollutants, pathogens in water, and low vapor pressure
energetic materials in air. Sensor devices with faster response times are desired to monitor transient
in-vivo events and bedside patients. More selective instruments are wanted to analyze speci fi c proteins
in vitro and analyze ambient urban or battle fi eld air. For these and many other applications, new
features of modern microanalytical instrumentation are urgently needed. This book series is a primary
source of both fundamental and practical information on both the current state of the art and future
directions for microanalytical instrumentation technologies. This book series is addressed to the
rapidly growing number of active practitioners and developers and those who are interested in starting
research in this direction, directors of industrial and government research centers, laboratory
supervisors and managers, students and lecturers.
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7427

Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials
Properties, Advantages and Shortcomings
for Applications Volume 1: Conventional Approaches
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Materials Science and Engineering
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Gwangju , Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
ISSN 2196-4475 ISSN 2195-4483 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4614-7164-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-7165-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936792
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013
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Preface

Sensing materials play a key role in the successful implementation of gas sensors, which year by year
fi nd wider application in various areas from environmental control to everyday monitoring of such
activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and many more. Gas sensors can
also be found in various industries such as the chemical and petrochemical industries, food and drinks
processing, semiconductor manufacturing, agriculture, and fabrication industries, not to mention the
motor, ship, and aircraft industries, power generation, etc., where control and analysis of process
gases are necessary. At present industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of
highly dangerous substances, particularly toxic and combustible gases. Inevitably, occasional escapes
of gas occur, creating a potential hazard to the industrial plant, its employees, and people living
nearby. Gas sensors allow detection of toxic and combustible gases in the atmosphere and, therefore,
the use of these devices can prevent disastrous consequences for people.
However, the multidimensional nature of the interactions between function and composition, prep-
aration method, and end-use conditions of sensing materials often make their rational design for real-
world applications very challenging. Moreover, the world of sensing materials is very broad, and
practically all well-known materials can be used in chemical sensors. Therefore, the selection of opti-
mal sensing material for gas sensors is a complicated and multivariate task. However, one should note
that the number of published books describing the analysis of materials through their application in
the fi eld of gas sensors is very limited.
Moreover, most of them are devoted to analysis of one speci fi c sensing material, for example,
polymers or metal oxides. Therefore, it is very dif fi cult to conduct a comparative analysis of various
materials and to choose sensing material optimal for concrete applications.
Taking this situation into account, I decided to fi ll this gap. My main goal was to create a really
useful and encyclopedic handbook of gas sensor materials. The H andbook of Gas Sensor Materials:
Properties, Advantages, and Shortcomings for Application is the fi rst book containing a comprehen-
sive examination of materials suitable for gas sensor design. For convenience of practical use, the
present H andbook is divided into two parts: Vol. 1: C onventional Approaches and Vol. 2: N ew Trends
in Materials and Technologies. In these books one can fi nd detailed analysis of conventional gas sens-
ing materials such as metal oxides, polymers, metal fi lms, and semiconductors. New trends in gas
sensing materials include analysis of, among other materials, 1D metal oxide nanostructures, carbon
nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene, semiconductor quantum dots, and metal nanoparticles. The proper-
ties and applications of nanocomposites, photonic crystals, calixarenes-based compounds, ion con-
ductors, ion liquids, metal-organic frameworks, porous semiconductors, ordered mesoporous
materials, and zeolites are also discussed in the books. Close attention is given in these books to exam-
ining problems connected with stability and functionalizing of gas sensing materials. It is known that
high stability is the main requirement for materials aimed for use as a gas sensor. The book chapters
v
vi Preface
introduce analysis of general approaches to selection of sensing materials for gas sensor design.
Auxiliary materials used in gas sensors such as substrates, catalysts, membranes, heaters, and elec-
trodes are also discussed. Thus, in these two volumes, the reader can fi nd comparative analyses of all
materials acceptable for gas sensor design and can estimate their real advantages and shortcomings.
This means that one can consider the present books as a selection guide of materials for gas sensor
manufacture. In addition, the books contain a large number of tables with information necessary for
gas sensor design. The tables alone make these books very helpful and comfortable for the user.
Hence, my belief that these books comprise an encyclopedic handbook of gas sensor materials, which
answers many questions arising during selection of optimal sensor materials and promotes an under-
standing of the fundamentals of sensor functioning and development of the technological route of
their fabrication for applications in various types of gas sensors.
These books will be of real interest to all materials scientists, especially to researchers working or
planning to begin working in the fi eld of gas sensing materials study and gas sensor design. The books
will also be interesting for practicing engineers and project managers in industries and national labo-
ratories who are interested in the development and fabrication of gas sensors for the sensor market.
With many references to the vast resource of recently published literature on the subject, these books
are a signi fi cant source of valuable information, which will provide scientists and engineers with new
insights for understanding and improving existing devices and for designing new materials to making
better gas sensors.
I believe that these books will also be useful to university students, postdocs, and professors. The
structure of the books offers the basis for courses in the fi eld of materials sciences, chemical sensors,
sensor technologies, chemical engineering, semiconductor devices, electronics, and environmental
control. Graduate students could also fi nd the books useful while conducting research and trying to
understand the basics of gas sensor design and functioning. I hope very much that in these books all
will fi nd speci fi c information that will be of interest and use in his/her area of scienti fi c and profes-
sional interests.
Gwangju, South Korea Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Series Preface
In my career I’ve found that “thinking outside the box” works better
if I know what’s “inside the box.”
Dave Grusin, composer and jazz musician
Different people think in different time frames: scientists think in decades,
engineers think in years, and investors think in quarters.
Stan Williams, Director of Quantum Science Research,
Hewlett Packard Laboratories
Everything can be made smaller, never mind physics;
Everything can be made more ef fi cient, never mind thermodynamics;
Everything will be more expensive, never mind common sense.
Tomas Hirschfeld, pioneer of industrial spectroscopy
Integrated Analytical Systems
The fi eld of analytical instrumentation systems is one of the most rapidly progressing areas of science
and technology. This rapid development is facilitated by (1) the advances in numerous areas of
research that collectively provide the impact on the design features and performance capabilities of
new analytical instrumentation systems and by (2) the technological and market demands to solve
practical measurement problems.
The book series Integrated Analytical Systems re fl ects the most recent advances in all key aspects
of development and applications of modern instrumentation for chemical and biological analysis.
These key development aspects include: (1) innovations in sample introduction through micro- and
nano- fl uidic designs, (2) new types and methods of fabrication of physical transducers and ion detec-
tors, (3) materials for sensors that became available due to the breakthroughs in biology, combinato-
rial materials science and nanotechnology, (4) innovative data processing and mining methodologies
that provide dramatically reduced rates of false alarms, and (5) new scenarios of applications of the
developed systems.
A multidisciplinary effort is required to design and build instruments with previously unavailable
capabilities for demanding new applications. Instruments with more sensitivity are required today to
analyze ultra-trace levels of environmental pollutants, pathogens in water, and low vapor pressure
energetic materials in air. Sensor systems with faster response times are desired to monitor transient
in-vivo events and bedside patients. More selective instruments are sought to analyze speci fi c proteins
vii
viii Series Preface
in vitro and analyze ambient urban or battlefi e ld air. Distributed sensors for multiparameter measure-
ments (often including not only chemical and biological but also physical measurements) are needed
for surveillance over large terrestrial areas or for personal health monitoring as wearable sensor net-
works. For these and many other applications, new analytical instrumentation is urgently needed. This
book series is intended to be a primary source on both fundamental and practical information of where
analytical instrumentation technologies are now and where they are headed in the future.
Niskayuna, NY, USA Radislav A. Potyrailo
GE Global Research
Acknowledgments
I would like to say great thanks to Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea,
which invited me and gave possibility to prepare this book for publication. This work was supported
by Korean BK 21 Program and by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
(2012R1A1A2041564). I also wish to thank to all my colleagues such as Dr. V. Brinzari (Moldova),
Professors B.K. Cho (Korea), J. Schwank (USA), A. Cornet (Spain), J.R. Morante (Spain), V. Matolin
(Chezh Rep.), and V. Tolstoy (Russia) for their friendly cooperation for a long time and important
contribution to this work by advice, by valuable information on the new phenomena, and participation
in experiments and discussions. Last but not least, I would like to thank to my wife Irina Korotcenkova
for her patience and kind understanding during preparation of the manuscript. Research into gas sen-
sors for many years and the writing of this book would not have been possible without her warm
support.
Gwangju , South Korea G. Korotcenkov
ix