Handbook of Collective Intelligence

230 Pages·2015·3.411 MB·English

by  Thomas W. Malone, Michael S. Bernstein (eds.)

Handbook of Collective Intelligence

Handbook of Collective Intelligence
Thomas W. Malone and Michael S. Bernstein, editors
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
© 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic
or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and
retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
Set in Palatino by the MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Cataloging-in-Publication information is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-0-262-02981-0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Virginia. —T.M.
For Marvin, Ethel, Leonard, and Sylvia. —M.B.

Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Thomas W. Malone and Michael S. Bernstein
Economics
Editors’ Introduction 15
The Wisdom of Crowds vs. the Madness of Mobs 21
Andrew W. Lo
Biology
Editors’ Introduction 39
Collective Behavior in Animals: An Ecological Perspective 43
Deborah M. Gordon
Human–Computer Interaction
Editors’ Introduction 53
Human–Computer Interaction and Collective Intelligence 57
Jeffrey P. Bigham, Michael S. Bernstein, and Eytan Adar
viii Contents
Artificial Intelligence
Editors’ Introduction 85
Artificial Intelligence and Collective Intelligence 89
Daniel S. Weld, Mausam, Christopher H. Lin, and Jonathan Bragg
Cognitive Psychology
Editors’ Introduction 115
Cognition and Collective Intelligence 119
Mark Steyvers and Brent Miller
Organizational Behavior
Editors’ Introduction 139
Collective Intelligence in Teams and Organizations 143
Anita Williams Woolley, Ishani Aggarwal, and Thomas W. Malone
Law, Communications, Sociology, Political Science, and
Anthropology
Editors’ Introduction 169
Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence 175
Yochai Benkler, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill
Conclusion 205
Thomas W. Malone
List of Contributors 211
Index 213
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, the MIT
Sloan School of Management, and the Stanford Computer Science
Department for support during the preparation of this book, and to the
National Science Foundation for support of the first two Collective
Intelligence Conferences, held in 2012 and 2014, which helped make
the field this book describes a reality (NSF grant number IIS-1047567).
In addition, Malone’s work on this volume was supported in part by
grants from the National Science Foundation (grant numbers IIS-
0963285, ACI-1322254, and IIS-0963451), and the U.S. Army Research
Office (grant numbers 56692-MA and 64079-NS). Bernstein’s work on
this volume was supported in part by a grant from the National Science
Foundation (IIS-1351131).
We are also grateful to Richard Hill for excellent administrative
assistance in many stages of this work, to Lisa Jing for bibliographic
research used in the introduction, and to the members of the online
“crowd” who commented on earlier versions of the chapters.