Handbook of Antenna Technologies

3470 Pages·2016·122.67 MB·English

by  Zhi Ning Chen

Editor-in-Chief
Zhi Ning Chen
Duixian Liu · Hisamatsu Nakano
Editors
Xianming Qing · Thomas Zwick
Handbook of
Antenna
Technologies
1 3
Reference
Handbook of Antenna Technologies

Zhi Ning Chen
Editor-in-Chief
(cid:129)
Duixian Liu Hisamatsu Nakano
(cid:129)
Xianming Qing Thomas Zwick
Editors
Handbook of
Antenna Technologies
With2473Figuresand176Tables
Editor-in-Chief
ZhiNingChen
DepartmentofElectricalandComputer
Engineering
NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore,Singapore
Editors
DuixianLiu HisamatsuNakano
IBMT.J.WatsonResearchCenter FacultyofScienceandEngineering
YorktownHeights,NY,USA HoseiUniversity
Koganei,Tokyo,Japan
XianmingQing ThomasZwick
InstituteforInfocommResearch KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology
Singapore,Singapore Karlsruhe,Baden-Wurttemberg,Germany
ISBN978-981-4560-43-6 ISBN978-981-4560-44-3(eBook)
ISBN978-981-4560-45-0(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016934309
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016
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Singapore
To my father Mr. Chen Liang and my mother
Mrs. Wang Ruizhi for my inheriting their
patience, persistence, and perseverance.
(To my father I dedicate this volume in token
of affection and gratitude.)
To my wife Mrs. Liu Lin and my twin sons
Shifeng and Shiya for their fully
understanding and supporting me to work on
this huge project.

Foreword
It is my great pleasure to write a foreword for this very important Antenna Hand-
book. This, the sesquicentennial year of the completion of Maxwell’s equations in
1865, is a conspicuous year to publish this handbook. Even though antenna tech-
nologyhasbeenaroundforaboutahundredyears,itsimportanceremainshitherto.
The key experiment done by Heinrich Hertz in 1886 proved that wireless signal
transfer was possible. Furthermore, the work of Guglielmo Marconi in 1895
underscored the importance of wireless communications. He subsequently used
simple antennas to transmit radio signals over the earth’s surface: the antenna was
a quarter wave dipole mounted on the earth’s surface, and the receiver was a long
stringofwireraisedbywindpower,namely,akite.Ontheotherhand,NicolaTesla
was investigating the use of induction coil for wireless power transfer as far back
as1891.
Communication, remote sensing, and radar technologies have induced antenna
technology to grow by leaps and bounds. Some of the most notable ones are the
Yagi-Udaantennainventedin1926,hornantenna,antennaarray,reflectorantenna,
andpatchantenna.PatchormicrostripantennawassuggestedbyGeorgeDeschamps
in1953,andlaterdevelopedfurtherbymanyworkers,includingYuenTseLo.Also,
PaulMayesworkedonbroadbandantennas,suchasthelog-periodicarrayantenna,
which morphed from the Yagi-Uda antenna. Deschamps, Lo, and Mayes were my
former close colleagues. The importance of antenna technology is more recently
magnifiedbythedemandinthecellphoneindustry,callingforeversmallerantennas
andcontinuousminiaturization.
The advent of computer technology instillsthe growth of numerical methods to
model antenna structures. The growth of numerical methods which are robust,
efficient,andfastalgorithmstosolveproblemsgivesrisetoasleuthofcommercial
softwaretosimulateantennaperformance.Antennascanbevirtuallyprototypedina
computer, and their performance optimized before their actual fabrication. This
processgivesrisetogreatcostreduction,aswellastheopportunityforcut-and-try
engineeringwithoutincurringexorbitantcosts.
Theeaseofantennadesignisgreatlyaidedbytheavailabilityofmanycommer-
cialsimulationsoftwaresuites.Moreover,thesesoftwaresuitesunleashthecreative
energy of many antenna engineers, expanding their design space. Examples of the
numerical methods that have found their ways into commercial software suites are
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viii Foreword
thefiniteelementmethod,methodofmoments,andfastmultipolealgorithms.Many
morewillemergeincommercialsoftware:thegenerallagtimebetweenconception
inresearchandmigrationtocommercialapplicationsisaboutadecadeortwo.The
growthofcomputationalelectromagneticsinantennadesign,inadditiontohardware
gainsincomputertechnology,isalsopropelledbytheemergenceoffastsolverssuch
as fast multipole solvers, hierarchical matrix solvers, and reduced rank matrix
solvers.
Antenna design is also an interesting area where wave physics meets circuit
physics.Thewayenergyisfedintoanantennaisviadesignofmatchingnetworks
drawing upon the vast knowledge in circuit design. However, the way energy is
transmitted from antenna to antenna is via wave physics; hence the concept of
antennaaperture,gain,radiationpattern,andpolarizationareinstrumentalinantenna
design. Therefore, low frequency as well as high frequency electromagnetics are
equallyimportant.Infact,formanyreflectorantennas,thewavesareintheirquasi-
opticalregime,allowingtheiranalysiswithhigh-frequencytechniquesandapprox-
imations. On the other hand, the interface with circuit physics calls for multiscale
analysiswhichisaferventareaofresearchincomputationalelectromagnetics.
Due to the rapid growth of nanofabrication technology, nanostructures on the
orderofopticalwavelengthsarenowpossible.Thisspursthegrowthofnanoantenna
technologyintheopticalregime.Manyantennaconceptsinthemicrowaveregime
need to be revisited or reused in the optical regime. This has been used for
spontaneous and stimulated emission, and the enhancement of the Purcell factor.
Thisisanareainneedofnewideasaswell.
Iamalsoveryhappytoseethatthecollectionofthesechaptersisdoneunderthe
leadership of Prof. Zhi Ning Chen at the National University of Singapore. I have
knownProf.ChensincehewasayoungmaninChina,andduringmyveryfirsttrip
to China in 1994. Being born overseas, my first trip to China was full of clash
betweenfantasyandreality.ButProf.Chenimpressedmeasaforthrightyoungman
with great curiosity. The economic growth of the pacific-rim region, including
Singapore, also touches a resounding chord in me since I grew up in Malaysia
when it was still one country with Singapore. I was happy to learn of the creative
researchofProf.CheninbothNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)andInstitute
of Infocomm Research (I2R) in Singapore on my various trips to Singapore. This
handbook, being published on SG50, the 50th anniversary year of the founding of
Singaporein1965,alsobearsspecialmeaning.
October10,2015 WengChoCHEW
UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign
Preface
AcenturyandahalfhavepassedsinceJamesClerkMaxwell(1831–1879)published
ADynamicalTheoryoftheElectrodynamicField,whichfeaturestheoriginalsetof
Maxwell’sequations.Through these equations,Maxwell mathematically described
the diffusion of light and electromagnetic waves travelling through space at the
speed of light. His equations have been undoubtedly the most important break-
throughfollowingIsaacNewton’sformulationofthelawsofmotionandgravity.His
contributionhadaffected–andcontinuestoaffect–thephysicsworldandourdaily
life. He is considered the founder of the field of electromagnetic theory. The
publication of the Handbook of Antenna Technologies is dedicated to the 150th
AnniversaryofMaxwell’sEquations.
Withtherapiddevelopmentofverylargescaleintegration(VLSI)andcomputer
science, wireless technologies have quickly penetrated all aspects of our daily life;
almost everyone has at least one wireless device such as a mobile phone, laptop,
contactlesssmartcard,orsmartwatchonthemove.Asthekeydeviceofradiation
and induction of electromagnetic waves or fields, antennas have certainly played a
unique and irreplaceable role in all wireless systems. As a result, these new appli-
cations have greatly driven the focus on antenna technology to high performance,
smallsize,andembeddableconfiguration,especiallyinthepastthreedecades.
The state-of-the-artantenna hasbeen electrically controllable, or regarded as an
intelligent sub-system integrated with a signal processing unit instead of only a
passive hardware component. As such, beamforming, multiple-input-multiple-out-
put (MIMO), massive MIMO, multibeam antenna systems, and so on have been
widely implemented in advanced mobile communications, radars, and imaging
systems. With more and more complicated functions for antenna technologies, the
designandoptimizationofantennasmustbecarriedoutatasystemlevel.Toachieve
the desired system performance, the antennas should be designed closely with
radiofrequency (RF) channels, RF front ends, and even signal processing unit, of
which MIMO systems have been an excellent example. Also, the groundbreaking
antennatechnologiesstronglyrelyontheprogressinnewmaterialsandfabrication
processes. Like the existing printed circuit board (PCB) and low-temperature
co-fired ceramic (LTCC) processes, the recently developed additive process-based
three-dimensional (3D) printing has started a new phase for antenna design and
fabrication. Unfortunately, we do not have too many new materials for antennas.
ix