Guide to Flow-Aware Networking: Quality-of-Service Architectures and Techniques for Traffic Management

244 Pages·2015·11.07 MB·English

by  Jerzy Domżał

Computer Communications and Networks
Jerzy Domżał
Robert Wójcik
Andrzej Jajszczyk
Guide to
Flow-Aware
Networking
Quality-of-Service Architectures and
Techniques for Traffic Management
Computer Communications
and Networks
Series editor
A.J. Sammes
Centre for Forensic Computing
Cranfield University, Shrivenham Campus
Swindon, UK
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4198
ż ł
Jerzy Dom a Robert Wójcik
(cid:129)
Andrzej Jajszczyk
Guide to Flow-Aware
Networking
Quality-of-Service Architectures
and Techniques for Traffic
Management
123
JerzyDomżał Andrzej Jajszczyk
Department ofTelecommunications Department ofTelecommunications
AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology
Krakow Krakow
Poland Poland
RobertWójcik
Department ofTelecommunications
AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology
Krakow
Poland
ISSN 1617-7975 ISSN 2197-8433 (electronic)
Computer Communications andNetworks
ISBN978-3-319-24973-5 ISBN978-3-319-24975-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24975-9
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Preface
TheInternetischanging.Thisstatementhasbeentruesincethefirstmessageswere
sentbetweentwonodesyearsago.“Thetelephonewire,asweknowit,hasbecome
too slow and too small to handle Internet traffic. It took 75 years for telephones to
beusedby50millioncustomers,butittookonlyfouryearsfortheInternettoreach
thatmany users.”—thesewordsbyLoriValigraemphasizethisrapid development
of the Internet.
Several milestones have been observed over the past 20 years from the user’s
point of view. These include the development of websites, which have certainly
meant that the Internet has become popular worldwide. The rapid progress in
optical networks has enabled faster transmission with higher quality. Peer-to-peer
networks have opened the door to sharing resources between users. Finally, as we
see currently, streaming transmissions have transformed computers into
user-friendly multifunctional machines. Moreover, new devices such as smart-
phones and tablets have made the Internet present everywhere and for everyone.
Streaming transmissions supporting web services now generate the majority of
Internet traffic [1]. It is a challenge for network operators to ensure proper Quality
of Service (QoS) for such traffic without degrading other transmissions in the
network. In many cases, the transmission rate is not the key point for these
applications.Themostimportantfactorsaretheacceptancedelayoftheconnection,
transmission delay, packet loss, and connection reliability. To be up to these
requirements,networkoperatorsusuallyaddextrabandwidthratherthanimplement
complicated QoS architectures.
Since 1994, when the IETF’s IntServ appeared, many QoS architectures have
emerged. In this book, we present one of the most promising, relatively new
architecture for Future Internet—Flow-Aware Networking (FAN)—which may
solveexistingproblems.Itguaranteesappropriatequalityfortransmittedtraffic,itis
easy to implement, and it is net neutral. FAN eliminates the need for signaling,
which has proved unscalable in the past. Despite its simple approach to QoS
assurance,servicedifferentiationinFANworkssufficientlywell.Thearchitectureis
not flawless; however, some disadvantages are mitigated by several additional
trafficmanagementmechanismsproposedwithinthecourseofFANevolution.The
most important and promising solutions, mainly proposed and developed by the
authors of this guide, are presented and analyzed.
v
vi Preface
Chapter 1 contains a survey of flow-oriented approaches which introduces the
reader to the world offlow-based networking. This chapter shows the most visible
solutions which are based on the concept offlows.
Chapter 2 presents an extensive description of FAN. Approximate
Flow-Aware-Networking (AFAN) is analyzed as the latest concept in FAN reali-
zation. Chapter 3 presents the scope and evolution of the debate on network neu-
trality. Moreover, it shows why Flow-Aware Networking conforms to current or
future resolutions.
Mechanisms for improving transmission performance of streaming flows under
congestion are presented and analyzed in Chap. 4. Seven proposals for congestion
control mechanisms, with extensive simulation analysis, are presented. Moreover,
we show how problems caused by congestion may be solved in a multi-layer
environment. Next, we describe new proposals for enhancing transmission in
wired-wirelessFAN.Attheendofthischapter,weproposeanewroutingconcept
to be used in flow-aware networks. This enables maximum utilization of the
available resources, reducing the negative aspects of congestion.
InChap.5,theaspectsoffairtransmissioninFANareanalyzed.Anewmethod
for estimating the values of congestion indication parameters, as well as a new
per-user fairness concept, is proposed. Algorithms that improve transmission of
streaming flows when a failure occurs are presented and analyzed in Chap. 6. The
ideaspresentedhereensurecontinuoustransmissionofstreamingflowsevenwhen
alinkinanetworkfails.Chapter7presentsFAN’scapabilitiesinrelationtoservice
differentiation. We show how much differentiation can be achieved in FAN and at
whatcost.Also,theproblemoftransmissionwaitingtimeisdescribed.Thechapter
focusesondeliveringapromisedlevelofserviceinFAN.Unfortunately,thedesign
ofFAN’soriginaladmissioncontrolfeaturessomeproblems.Thischapterpresents
and compares several approaches to solving them.
Theimplementationaspectsofthecross-protectrouteraredescribedinChap.9.
Wealsopresenttheimplementationsuite,i.e.,theClickmodularrouterandthefirst
tests results of the developed prototype.
This book is addressed to network engineers, students, operators, and everyone
interested in the development of the Internet. It can also be a source of valuable
information for everyone who wants to better understand the basic principles
underlying modern networking technology.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the internal AGH University of Science and Tech-
nology grant, under contract no. 11.11.230.018.
Preface vii
Reference
1. C. Labovitz, S. Iekel-Johnson, D. McPherson, J. Oberheide, and F. Jahanian, “Internet
Inter-DomainTraffic,”inACMSigcomm2010,NewDelhi,India,August–September2010.
Contents
1 Flow-Oriented Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Why Flow Awareness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Background and Development History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Common Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Development History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Flow-Based Architectures at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Connectionless Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.3 Dynamic Packet State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Caspian Networks/Anagran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.5 Feedback and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.6 Flow-Based Differentiated Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.7 Flow-Aware Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.8 Flow-State-Aware Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.9 Flow-Aggregate-Based Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Flow Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Classes of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.1 Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.2 Connectionless Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.3 Dynamic Packet State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.4 Caspian Networks/Anagran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.5 Feedback and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.6 Flow-Based Differentiated Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.7 Flow-Aware Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.8 Flow-State-Aware Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5.9 Flow-Aggregate-Based Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.10 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.6 Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.1 Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.2 Connectionless Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.6.3 Dynamic Packet State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.4 Caspian Networks/Anagran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.5 Feedback and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.6.6 Flow-Based Differentiated Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ix
x Contents
1.6.7 Flow-Aware Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6.8 Flow-State-Aware Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.6.9 Flow-Aggregate-Based Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6.10 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.7 Signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.7.1 Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.7.2 Connectionless Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.7.3 Dynamic Packet State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.7.4 Caspian Networks/Anagran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.7.5 Feedback and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.7.6 Flow-Based Differentiated Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.7.7 Flow-Aware Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.7.8 Flow-State-Aware Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.7.9 Flow-Aggregate-Based Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.7.10 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.8.1 Complexity and Scalability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.8.2 Pros and Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.8.3 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.9 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.10 Check Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 Flow-Aware Networking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1 The Need for a New QoS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2 Basic Concepts of FAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3 Flow-Aware Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4 Cross-Protect Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5 Measurement-Based Admission Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.6 Fair Queuing with Priority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.1 Priority Fair Queuing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6.2 Priority Deficit Round-Robin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6.3 PFQ and PDRR Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.6.4 Approximate Flow-Aware Networking. . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.7 Additional FAN Architectures and Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.8 Check Your Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3 Flow-Aware Networking for Net Neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.1 Definition of Net Neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2 History and Past Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 Spectrum of Net Neutrality Violations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4 Net Neutrality Violations from the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90