Table Of ContentGroundwater Vulnerability and Pollution
Risk Assessment
Selected papers on hydrogeology
24
Series Editor: Dr. Nick S. Robins
Editor-in-Chief IAH Book Series, British Geological Survey, Wallingford, UK
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS
Groundwater Vulnerability and
Pollution Risk Assessment
Editors
Andrzej J. Witkowski
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Sabina Jakóbczyk-Karpierz
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Joanna Czekaj
Department of Modern Technologies and Innovations,
Silesian Waterworks PLC, Katowice, Poland
Dorota Grabala
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS
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Contents
Preface ix
List of contributors xi
About the editors xv
New approaches to groundwater vulnerability 1
1 ACVM (Aquifer Comprehensive Vulnerability Mapping) – a new method
for evaluating coastal aquifer vulnerability based on a wide concept of
aquifer vulnerability 3
S. Carrubba, A. Aureli & M. Lagod
2 Assessment of the intrinsic vulnerability of the Rhine-Meuse basin
limestone aquifers 15
V. Fister, B. Losson, D. François, E. Gille & M. Marchetto
3 Numerical simulations of aquifer vulnerability to methane gas leakage from
decommissioned shale gas wells 29
N. Roy, J. Molson, J.-M. Lemieux, D. Van Stempvoort & A. Nowamooz
4 Sanitary protection zoning of groundwater sources in unconsolidated
sediments based on a Time-Dependent Model 39
V. Živanovic´, I. Jemcov, V. Dragišic´ & N. Atanackovic
Factors affecting vulnerability assessment – from scientific
concept to practical application 53
5 Meander effect on river-aquifer interactions 55
U. Boyraz & C.M. Kazezyılmaz-Alhan
vi Contents
6 Comparison of pre-mining and post-mining conditions in an area impacted
by coal mining as an aid to groundwater vulnerability
assessment 69
K. David, W. Timms & R. Mitra
7 Nitrate migration in the regional groundwater recharge zone
(Lwówek region, Poland) 85
K. Dragon
8 Adsorption and desorption parameters of erythromycin migration
in saturated porous media based on column tests 95
M. Okon´ska & K. Pietrewicz
Comparison and validation of different methods of
groundwater vulnerability assessment for different
groundwater systems 111
9 Groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment in
Kaduna metropolis, northwest Nigeria 113
M.S. Ahmed, A.I. Tanko, M.M. Badamasi & A. Abdulhamid
10 Evaluation of the comparison of four groundwater vulnerability
methodologies: a case study of Dahomey Basin shallow aquifers,
Nigeria 127
S.A. Oke & D. Vermeulen
11 Vulnerability assessment of the Karst aquifer feeding Pertuso
spring in Central Italy 139
G. Sappa, F. Ferranti & F.M. De Filippi
Groundwater vulnerability mapping – examples of
different national approaches 167
12 The groundwater contamination potential risk evaluation:
an all-country wide approach for protection planning 169
M.V. Civita
13 The methodology of assessing groundwater vulnerability
applied to Hydrogeological Map of Poland scale 1:50 000 183
P. Herbich, M. Woz´nicka & M. Nidental
Contents vii
14 Groundwater vulnerability assessment for the Hydrogeological Map
of Poland 1:50 000 and Major Groundwater Reservoirs projects 191
K. Józ´wiak, J. Mikołajków, M. Nidental & M. Woz´nicka
15 Irish groundwater vulnerability mapping and Groundwater
Protection Schemes: past, present and future 197
M. Lee, C. Kelly, R. Meehan, C. Hickey & N. Hunter Williams
Index 207
Series IAH-selected papers 213
Preface
The assessment of the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination has been widely dis-
cussed. We continue to observe the intensive development of various methods of vulnerabil-
ity assessment, both intrinsic and specific (e.g. in terms of pollution by nitrate, pesticides,
petroleum substances, sulphates, pharmaceuticals, etc.). Often, issues of specific vulnerabil-
ity assessment are a fundamental component of every day risk assessment. In this context,
the classic term groundwater vulnerability related to groundwater vulnerability to pollution
has been significantly extended to cover a number of new aspects related to current geogenic
threats stimulated by climate change (e.g. sea water intrusion) as well as new threats result-
ing from the human activity (problems with so-called emerging contaminants, groundwater
intensive drainage, different current and past mining activity, construction activities).
Various modifications of ranking are used successfully in many countries. DRASTIC
remains the most popular among the ranking methods for groundwater vulnerability assess-
ment. This method aspires to be the universal method, however, this is not always the case,
and it became the basis for the development of new techniques for porous and karst aquifers
and for various purposes (regional and local studies) at various scales. Increasingly, the
vulnerability assessment takes into account not only simple methods (advection models)
determining the travel time of potential contaminants from the ground surface to ground-
water, but also more complex models that take into account the role of physical and bio-
logical processes in contaminant transport and its attenuation. Unfortunately, there is still
controversy about the very concept of vulnerability. Often, authors do not state explicitly
whether the vulnerability assessment concerns groundwater resources (aquifer vulnerability)
or groundwater sources (for instance well fields). This is important from the point of view of
the practical application of vulnerability maps to delineation of aquifer protection zones or
wellhead protection zones. These issues have been widely discussed at three international
IAH conferences held in Poland in Ustroń spa (in 2004, 2015 and 2018), each devoted to
groundwater vulnerability.
An important effect of these conferences was the publication of two volumes of IAH
Selected Papers. The first Volume 11 Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping
was published in 2007. This volume contains papers presented at the conference held in 2004
in Ustroń. Unfortunately, after the conference in 2015, despite many abstracts and numerous
interesting presentations sent, the organizers did not receive enough full papers to publish
the next volume of IAH Selected Papers. Therefore the papers in the new volume (Vol.24)
entitled Groundwater Vulnerability and Pollution Risk Assessment were selected from those
presented at the last two IAH conferences which was held in 2015 (Groundwater Vulner-
ability – From Scientific Concept to Practical Application) and in 2018 (New Approaches to
