Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials

157 Pages·2022·4.828 MB·English

by  Ali Haider, Muhammad Ikram, Asma Rafiq

Ali Haider
Muhammad Ikram
Asma Rafiq
Green
Nanomaterials
as Potential
Antimicrobials
Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials
· ·
Ali Haider Muhammad Ikram Asma Rafiq
Green Nanomaterials
as Potential Antimicrobials
AliHaider MuhammadIkram
DepartmentofClinicalSciences SolarCellApplicationsResearchLab
FacultyofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences DepartmentofPhysics
MuhammadNawazShareefUniversity GovernmentCollegeUniversity
ofAgriculture Lahore,Pakistan
Multan,Pakistan
AsmaRafiq
CentreofExcellenceinSolidStatePhysics
UniversityofthePunjab
Lahore,Pakistan
ISBN 978-3-031-18719-3 ISBN 978-3-031-18720-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18720-9
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Dedicatedto…
MyParents
Fortheirsupportthroughout myeducation
andinculcatingthesenseofresponsibility
andindependence
MyBrothers,Sisters
and
MyWife
Fortheirloveandsupport
Preface
Antibioticresistancehasbeenrecognizedasagraveproblem.Bacteriaareimportant
infectiousetiologies,andtheirprevalenceandresistancearecontinuouslyincreasing.
Futuregenerationswillbeunabletotolerateantimicrobialresistanceasagravethreat
to public health and disease treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of
thegreatestriskstoworldwidehumanandanimalhealth.Antimicrobialresistance
is an ancient characteristic that has allowed germs to thrive across time and an
ever-changingenvironment.Inaddition,bacteriaemploytheirevolutionaryprocess
to adapt to the selection pressure induced by antimicrobial therapy, resulting in a
reductioninthetherapeuticefficacyofantimicrobialtreatmentsforhumanandanimal
diseases.Ineveryelementofveterinarymedicine,theintroductionofnanoparticles
asantimicrobialagentsconstitutesaparadigmchange.
In this approach, the scientific community investigates unique techniques for
producing a variety of nanomaterials for a wide range of goods with added value.
Recently, it has been established that either the fabrication processes or the nano-
materialsthemselvesdonotsatisfytheexpectationsofgreenmovementintermsof
harmfulpropertiesbeingeliminatedfromnewinnovationstoachieveholisticdevel-
opment and safeguard the sustainability of our environment. Despite this, consid-
erable efforts have been made to uncover and unlock the wondrous properties of
nanomaterials, with researchers using extremely reasonable eco-friendly greener
methodstoprovideatruegreensolution.
The current book is the most recent illustration of this methodology, with
numerouschaptersdedicatedtorecordingandevaluatingmetals,metaloxides,and
bimetallicnanomaterialswithmoderngreenadvancementsinthefieldofgreennano-
materials.Thechaptersarewrittenbyeminentresearchersandacademiciansintheir
respectivefieldsofexpertise,discussingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvarious
fabricationmethods,aswellascharacterizations,drug-resistantpathogensofveteri-
naryorigin,andmethodsofresistancedevelopment,aswellasnanostructure-based
treatments for resistant etiologies. We are certain that “Green Nanoparticles: The
Future Medicine” will be a useful resource for readers and followers interested in
vii
viii Preface
investigating the potential of nanomaterials in sustainable ways as possible future
antibacterial.
Multan,Pakistan AliHaider
Lahore,Pakistan MuhammadIkram
Lahore,Pakistan AsmaRafiq
Acknowledgements
Allpraisesto“ALLAH”,theAlmighty,mostGracious,themostMerciful,andthe
Sustainer of the worlds, who sent us “MUHAMMAD (PBUH)” as a blessing for
whole universe and the best teacher with the ultimate source of wisdom “HOLY
QURAN”.
Foremost thanks to ALLAH Almighty Who blessed me with good health to
accomplish my book. I feel great pleasure in expressing my heartiest gratitude
and deep sense of obligation to my elder brother and mentor, Dr. Muhammad
Ikram, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, for his able guidance, keen
interest,skilledadvice,constructivecriticism,littlecastigation,constantencourage-
ment, valuable suggestions, and painstaking supervision throughout the course of
mystudy,researchwork,andcompletionofthismanuscript.
Last but not least, I must acknowledge my thanks to my loving parents, my
brothers(Dr.MuhammadImran,MuhammadIrfan,andDr.JunaidHaider),
my sisters (Dr. Erum Shahzadi and Dr. Anum Shahzadi), and my wife (Mrs.
Sehrish Kiran) for the motivation to take up this program of studies, financial
support and their hands in prayers for my success, and great patience and help-
fulnessthroughoutthefairlylongperiodoftrainingatthisinstitution.Finally,asis
customary,theerrorsthatremainareminealone.
AliHaider
ix
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 HistoryofNanomaterials .................................... 1
1.1.1 Nanoscale ......................................... 2
1.1.2 Nanoscience ....................................... 2
1.1.3 Nanomaterial ....................................... 2
1.1.4 Nano-object ........................................ 2
1.1.5 Nanoparticle ....................................... 2
1.1.6 Nanofiber .......................................... 3
1.1.7 Nanostructure ...................................... 3
1.1.8 NanostructuredMaterial ............................. 3
1.1.9 Nanocomposite ..................................... 3
1.2 CharacteristicsofNanomaterials .............................. 3
1.2.1 NanostructuresDimensionsandSurfaceArea ........... 4
1.2.2 MorphologyofNanostructures ........................ 4
1.2.3 EffectofSurfaceCharge ............................. 5
1.2.4 CrystallineStructureandComposition ................. 6
1.2.5 EffectofAggregationandConcentration ............... 6
1.2.6 Magnetism, High Thermal, and Electrical
Conductivity ....................................... 6
1.2.7 EffectofSurfaceCoating ............................ 7
1.3 NanomaterialClassification .................................. 7
1.3.1 0-Dimensional(0D)Nanomaterials .................... 8
1.3.2 1-Dimensional(1D)Nanomaterials .................... 8
1.3.3 2-Dimensional(2D)Nanomaterials .................... 8
1.3.4 3-Dimensional(3D)Nanomaterials .................... 9
1.4 ClassificationofNanomaterialsBasedonType ................. 10
1.4.1 Carbon-basedNanomaterials ......................... 10
1.4.2 InorganicNanomaterials ............................. 12
1.4.3 OrganicNanomaterials .............................. 12
1.4.4 CompositeNanomaterials ............................ 12
1.4.5 MetallicNanomaterials .............................. 13
xi
xii Contents
1.4.6 MetalOxideNanomaterials .......................... 13
1.4.7 BimetallicNanomaterials ............................ 14
1.4.8 Silica-basedNanomaterials ........................... 14
1.4.9 CeramicNanomaterials .............................. 15
1.4.10 PolymericNanomaterial ............................. 15
1.5 FabricationofNanomaterials ................................. 15
References ..................................................... 16
2 FabricationofNanomaterials .................................... 25
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 25
2.2 SynthesisApproachesofNanomaterials ....................... 26
2.3 PhysicalSynthesis .......................................... 27
2.3.1 ChemicalVaporDeposition(CVD) .................... 27
2.3.2 MicrowaveIrradiation ............................... 27
2.3.3 TheArcDischargeApproach ......................... 29
2.3.4 SprayPyrolysis ..................................... 30
2.3.5 LaserAblation ...................................... 31
2.3.6 PlasmaArcing ...................................... 32
2.3.7 Evaporation–condensation ........................... 33
2.4 ChemicalSynthesis ......................................... 33
2.4.1 MicroemulsionMethod .............................. 33
2.4.2 SolvothermalandHydrothermalMethods .............. 34
2.4.3 Sol–gelSynthesis ................................... 34
2.4.4 ChemicalReduction ................................. 35
2.4.5 ElectrochemicalSynthesis ............................ 36
2.5 BiologicalMethods ......................................... 38
2.5.1 PlantSynthesis ..................................... 38
2.5.2 Bacteria ........................................... 39
2.5.3 Fungi ............................................. 40
2.5.4 Yeast .............................................. 41
2.6 Conclusion ................................................ 41
References ..................................................... 41
3 PropertiesofNanomaterials ..................................... 47
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 47
3.2 DistinctiveNanomaterialCharacteristics ....................... 48
3.2.1 OpticalProperties ................................... 49
3.2.2 MagneticProperties ................................. 51
3.2.3 MechanicalProperties ............................... 52
3.2.4 ElectronicProperties ................................ 54
3.2.5 ThermalProperties .................................. 55
3.2.6 CatalyticProperties ................................. 56
References ..................................................... 58