Table Of ContentLars Nordgren
Greek Interjections
Trends in Linguistics
Studies and Monographs
Editor
Volker Gast
Editorial Board
Walter Bisang
Jan Terje Faarlund
Hans Henrich Hock
Natalia Levshina
Heiko Narrog
Matthias Schlesewsky
Amir Zeldes
Niina Ning Zhang
Editor Responsible for this volume
Hans Henrich Hock
Volume 273
Lars Nordgren
Greek Interjections
Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics
ISBN 978-3-11-033936-9
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-033944-4
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-039400-9
ISSN 1861-4302
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Acknowledgments
First of all, since this work is a revised version of my doctoral thesis, I wish to
express my gratitude to my former supervisors, Eva-Carin Gerö, for believing in
my idea from the beginning and providing constant support, Dag Haug, for
valuable remarks, quick response and continuous enthusiasm, and Arnim von
Stechow, for inspirational collaboration.
I would like to extend a special thanks to my doctoral examiner, Geoffrey Hor-
rocks, who played an important part in this book’s realization. I also want to
thank the series’ editors, in particular Volker Gast and Hans Heinrich Hock, who
have shared their comments and helped me improve the content. A heartfelt
thanks goes to the staff at De Gruyter Mouton, especially Birgit Sievert, Julie
Miess, Nancy Christ and Johannes Parche, for providing support in all stages of
the process.
I wish to thank Denis Searby, for his incessant support and for invaluable re-
marks on my English; also, the Greek seminar at Stockholm University, for good
advice and fruitful discussions, especially to Per-Erik Malmnäs, who has shown
great interest in my work from the start and made valuable suggestions, Claus
Oetke, for showing incessant interest and providing valuable perspective, as
well as Börje Bydén, for constructive questioning and criticism. A special thank
you is reserved for present and former PhD-students at the department—
especially Elin Andersson, Niklas Haga, Lisa Heine, Erika Kihlman, Per Sand-
ström and Robin Wahlsten Böckerman—an important source of support. Fur-
thermore, I would like to thank Timothy Janz, for supplying unpublished scho-
lia of Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Brian Møller Jensen, for valuable help with Italian,
Barbara Crostini, for proofreading and help, Jan Stolpe, for discussion and sup-
port, and finally, Jerker Blomqvist, for encouraging me to choose the topic at an
early stage.
I am especially grateful to Anna Bonifazi, Annemieke Drummen and Mark de
Kreij of the Emmy Noether Nachwuchsgruppe at Heidelberg University, for in-
viting me to present my work and providing the opportunity to share thoughts
and ideas, to Ellen Breitholtz and the linguistics seminar at Gothenburg Univer-
sity, for inviting me to present my material and for sharing their views on my
approach and to Jenny Larsson for inviting me to the Fagus linguarum at Stock-
holm University, where I received valuable references. I am thankful to Fonda-
tion Hardt, Vandoeuvres, for their generous grant and the opportunity to work
vi Acknowledgments
there, as well as the Fondazione Famiglia Rausing, for making it possible for me
to study the manuscripts of the Laurenziana library in situ.
My final thanks are reserved for my family—Anna, Ragnar and Martha—a con-
stant reminder of what matters most.
Stockholm, August 2015
Lars Nordgren
Contents
Acknowledgments|v
Abbreviations|xi
1
Introduction|1
1.1
Background|1
1.2
Subject and aim|2
1.3
Sources|3
1.4
Theoretical background|4
1.5
Definitions|8
1.5.1
Primary interjections|8
1.5.2
Secondary interjections|12
1.5.3
Common properties of interjections|15
1.6
Three categories|16
1.6.1
Category 1|17
1.6.2
Category 2|19
1.6.3
Category 3|21
1.6.4
Related items|22
1.7
Previous research|23
1.7.1
Antiquity and the Middle Ages|23
1.7.2
Modern linguistics begins|25
1.7.3
Studies in the early twentieth century|28
1.7.4
Linguistics from the late 20th century to the present time|32
1.7.5
Recent studies focusing on Ancient Greek|33
1.8
Concluding remarks|36
2
Syntax|38
2.1
Formal characteristics|38
2.1.1
The three categories|39
2.1.2
Morphology|39
2.1.3
Interjections and word order|44
2.1.4
Extra metrum|45
2.1.5
Combinations of interjections|46
2.2
Syntax—Category 1|48
2.2.1
Free-standing interjections|48
2.3
The phrase schema|51
2.3.1
Head position: INT|52
viii | Contents
2.3.2
Position 1: PRO (dative)|53
2.3.3
Position 2: NP (nominative or vocative)|56
2.3.4
Position 3: NP (genitive)|58
2.3.5
Positions 4–5: NPs (vocative and nominative)|65
2.3.6
Invocations, formulae and bare exclamative genitives|67
2.4
Syntax—Category 2|68
2.4.1
εἶα (εἷα)—eia (heia)|69
2.5
Syntax—Category 3|71
2.6
Concluding remarks|72
3
Semantics|74
3.1
Introduction|74
3.2
Core meaning|76
3.3
Secondary interjections|78
3.4
Prototypical characteristics|79
3.4.1
Category 1—expressive interjections|79
3.4.2
Category 2—conative interjections|80
3.4.3
Category 3—phatic interjections|80
3.5
Theoretical background|80
3.5.1
Semantics of clause type—Primary illocutions|80
3.5.2
Expressives|82
3.5.3
Expressives and exclamatives|83
3.5.4
The semantics of interjections—Ameka|84
3.5.5
Are interjections words or sentences?|86
3.5.6
The semantics of interjections—Kaplan|87
3.5.7
Emotion theory|89
3.6
Semantics—Category 1|93
3.6.1
Explicit semantic analysis|93
3.6.2
Interjections expressive of surprise|95
3.6.3
Interjections expressive of pain and vexation|107
3.6.4
Interjections expressive of lamentation|129
3.6.5
Interjections expressive of joy|147
3.6.6
Hapax legomena|152
3.6.7
Rare and special cases|156
3.6.8
Items occurring only in combinations|161
3.7
Semantics—Category 2|164
3.7.1
Explicit semantic analysis|165
3.7.2
Interjections expressing calls for attention|166
3.7.3
Interjections expressing exhortation or command|169
Contents | ix
3.8
Semantics—Category 3|174
3.8.1
Explicit semantic analysis|175
3.8.2
Interjections expressing agreement|175
3.8.3
Interjections expressing compliance|180
3.9
Concluding remarks|185
3.9.1
Primary illocutions|185
3.9.2
Core meanings|186
4
Pragmatics|188
4.1
Introduction|188
4.1.1
What is pragmatics?|188
4.1.2
Primary and secondary functions|189
4.1.3
Hypotheses for primary functions|190
4.1.4
Questions under study|190
4.2
Theoretical background|191
4.2.1
Definitions|191
4.2.2
Fraser: pragmatic markers|193
4.2.3
Trillo: Appropriateness|197
4.3
Felicity conditions|198
4.3.1
Condition 1|198
4.3.2
Condition 2|199
4.3.3
Condition 3 (tentative)|200
4.4
Secondary functions|200
4.4.1
Borrowing the core semantics from another category|201
4.4.2
Functioning as a commentary marker|203
4.4.3
Functioning as a parallel pragmatic marker|204
4.4.4
Discourse markers—DMs|205
4.4.5
Paratragedy|206
4.5
Concluding remarks|206
4.5.1
Primary and secondary use|207
4.5.2
The three categories|208
5
Lexicon|210
5.1
Notes on meter|210
5.2
Abbreviations and legenda|210
5.3
ἆ—ὤμοι|211
6
Summary and conclusions|246
6.1
Summary of introduction|246
