Table Of ContentGraphics Programming in c++
Springer
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Mark Walmsley
Graphics
Programming in
c++
Writing Graphics Applications for Windows 98
, Springer
Mark Walmsley, BSc, PhD
[email protected]
ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1231-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Walmsley, Mark
Graphics programming in c++ : writing graphics applications
for Windows 98
l.C++ (Computer program language) 2.Computer graphics
l.Title
006.6'633
ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1231-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Walmsley, Mark, 1964-
Graphics programming in C++ : writing graphics applications for
Windows 981 Mark Walmsley.
p. em.
Includes index
ISBN-13:978-1-4471-1231-0 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4471-0905-1
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0905-1
1. Computer graphics. 2. C++ (Computer program language)
3. Microsoft Windows (Computer me) I. Title.
T385.W353 1998
006.6'633--dc21 98-20520
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© Springer-Verlag London Limited 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
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Typesetting: Camera Ready by author
34/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................... ix
1. Message-Based Programming ....................................................................... 1
1.1 Windows 98 Programming ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Window Components ................................................................................. 2
1.3 Message Queues ......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Window Callback Functions ....................................................................... 4
1.5 The WinMain () Function ........................................................................ 5
1.6 Windows 98 Messages ................................................................................ 6
1. 7 Some Important Messages .......................................................................... 7
1.8 Sununary .................................................................................................... 9
2. Window Management ..•••••.••.•.................•.........................••.........•....•...•..... 11
2.1 Window Classes ....................................................................................... 11
2.2 Creating a Window .................................................................................. 13
2.3 WinMain () Revisited ............................................................................. 14
2.4 Message Handlers .................................................................................... 16
2.5 The Hello Program ................................................................................ 17
2.6 Windows 98 Program Framework ............................................................ 18
2.7 Sununary .................................................................................................. 21
3. Object Orientation ••••..•..•..•......................................•.........................•.••.•... 23
3.1 Object Oriented Programming .................................................................. 23
3.2 The Manager Object ............................................................................... 24
3.3 Windows and Objects ............................................................................... 28
3.4 Message Boxes ......................................................................................... 32
3.5 Popup Menus ........................................................................................... 33
3.6 The VIEW Class ....................................................................................... 36
3.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 43
vi Graphics Programming in C++
4. Pens and Bmshes ......................................................................................... 45
4.1 Graphics Device Interface ........................................................................ 45
4.2 GDI Objects ............................................................................................. 48
4.3 Windows 98 Coordinate Systems .............................................................. 49
4.4 GDI Drawing Functions ........................................................................... 50
4.5 Tracking the Mouse .................................................................................. 54
4.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 56
5. Bitmaps ........................................................................................................ 59
5.1 Pixels and Colours .................................................................................... 59
5.2 Windows 98 Resources ............................................................................. 60
5.3 Displaying a Bitmap Resource .................................................................. 61
5.4 The DIB Class ......................................................................................... 65
5.5 Storing Images in Files ............................................................................. 70
5.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 73
6, Palettes ......................................................................................................... 75
6.1 Logical and System Palettes ..................................................................... 75
6.2 Palette Messages ...................................................................................... 76
6.3 Creating a Palette ..................................................................................... 77
6.4 The PALETTE Class ................................................................................ 79
6.5 Updating the DIB Class ........................................................................... 84
6.6 Summary .................................................................................................. 91
7. Sprite Animation ......................................................................................... 93
7.1 The SPRITE Class ................................................................................... 93
7.2 Animation ................................................................................................. 96
7.3 Flicker .................................................................................................... 100
7.4 Transparency .......................................................................................... 105
7.5 Threads .................................................................................................. 109
7.6 Summary ................................................................................................ 110
Contents vii
8. Wire-Frame Graphics ............................................................................... 111
8.1 Polygon Worlds ...................................................................................... III
8.2 The WORLD and SCENE Objects ............................................................. US
8.3 Line Drawing ......................................................................................... 116
8.4 Line Clipping ......................................................................................... 124
8.5 Summary ................................................................................................ 130
9. Polygon-Fill Techniques ............................................................................ 131
9.1 The GDI Approach................................................................................. 131
9.2 Polygon Outlines .................................................................................... 132
9.3 Filling with a Solid Colour ..................................................................... 135
9.4 Drawing 3D Images ............................................................................... 138
9.5 Virtual World Chunks ............................................................................ 141
9.6 Summary ................................................................................................ 144
10. Assembly Language Programming ......................................................... 147
10.1 Computer Basics ............................................................................. ..... 147
10.2 Updating the Message Loop .................................................................. 148
10.3 The 80x86 Registers ............................................................................ 150
10.4 Data Transfer ....................................................................................... 151
10.5 Arithmetic and Logical Operations ....................................................... 154
10.6 Flow Control ........................................................................................ 155
10.7 Faster Polygon-Fill Routines ................................................................. 157
10.8 Program Stack ...................................................................................... 163
10.9 Summary .............................................................................................. 165
11. Mathematics of 3D Geometry ................................................................. 167
ILl Vectors and Matrices ............................................................................ 167
11.2 The VECTOR Class ............................................................................... 171
11. 3 Scalar Product ...................................................................................... 174
11.4 Vector Product ..................................................................................... 176
11.5 Triple Product ...................................................................................... 180
11.6 Lines and Planes .................................................................................. 181
11.7 Summary .............................................................................................. 182
viii Graphics Programming in C++
12. Projection of tbe Viewing Volume ........................................................... 185
12.1 Perspective Projections .... .............. ....... ... .......... ......... ............ ..... ...... ... 185
12.2 The Viewing Volume ........................................................................... 186
12.3 Taking a Snapshot ................................................................................ 189
12.4 Projecting and Clipping ........................................................................ 191
12.5 A Vanishing Cube ................................................................................ 194
12.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 195
13. Hidden Pixel Removal ............................................................................. 197
13.1 Constructing a Scene Image ... ........ ........... .......... ........... ............. ......... 197
13.2 The Painter's Algorithm ....................................................................... 198
13.3 Separating Planes ................................................................................. 199
13.4 Binary Space Partitioning ..................................................................... 202
13.5 Drawing in Reverse .............................................................................. 206
13.6 Z-Buffers .............................................................................................. 209
13.7 Summary .............................................................................................. 210
14. Colour Sbading and Textures .................................................................. 213
14.1 Lights and Surfaces .............................................................................. 213
14.2 Shading Options ................................................................................... 214
14.3 Texture Mapping .................................................................................. 217
14.4 Implementation Optimizations ............................................................. 220
14.5 Depth Perception .................................................................................. 224
14.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 226
15. In Motion ... ............................................................................................. 227
15.1 The Graphics Pipeline .......................................................................... 227
15.2 Animating the Virtual World ............................................................... 228
15.3 Translations ......................................................................................... 229
15.4 Rotations .............................................................................................. 231
15.5 Transforming Coordinates .................................................................... 233
15.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 235
Postscript ........................................................................................................ 237
Index ............................................................................................................... 239
Preface
This is a book about computer graphics. It is aimed primarily at anyone
wishing to develop graphics applications for Windows 98 and attempts to provide a
quick and clear introduction to the subject without encumbering the reader in a
mass of extraneous details. The application of object oriented techniques to
graphics programming is a principal theme throughout the text and most of the
software is written in C++ so a familiarity with C/C++ will be helpful - for a
fuller introduction to the C++ language than is possible here consult the book
'Programming in C++' (ISBN 0 85934 435 5). Beyond this only a general
background in computing and/or mathematics is assumed and whenever new ideas
are encountered they are fully explained with the aid of line-drawings and
illustrative coding examples. For those brave enough chapter 10 also introduces the
topic of 80 x86 assembly language programming - without dedicated graphics
hardware this is still the best way to produce really snappy animation code. The
material covered by the book may be divided into three main categories:
- graphics facilities provided by Windows 98
- 2D drawing algorithms
- simulation of a 3D virtual world
These correspond roughly to chapters 1-6, chapters 7-10 and chapters 11-15
respectively although there is some overlap - more specifically the book is laid out
according to the following plan:
Chapters 1 and 2
An introduction to message-based programming under the Windows 98 operating
system - the basic procedure for creating and managing a window is also detailed
here.
Chapter 3
Object oriented programming is a revolutionary approach to handling complexity
in computer software design - this chapter discusses the application of object
oriented techniques to graphics programming.
Chapters 4 to 6
These chapters cover the graphics facilities provided by the Windows 98 Graphics
Device Interface - the key graphical items available under Windows 98 include
pens, brushes, bitmaps and palettes.
x Graphics Programming in C++
Chapters 7 to 9
A selection of 2D drawing algorithms for generating bitmapped, wire-frame and
polygon-fill images are described here - in particular, animated bitmap images are
used to implement computer sprites.
Chapters 10 and 11
A technical and mathematical interlude that introduces assembly language
programming and 3D vector geometry - these are important topics for many
graphics applications.
Chapters 12 to 15
The last chapters of the book describe the process of projecting an image of a 3D
object onto a 2D screen - hidden pixel removal, colour shading, texture mapping
and 3D computer animation are all explained.
The book is written in incremental fashion and it is recommended that earlier
chapters are well digested before later ones are tasted - so to begin at the
beginning ...
MW
March 1998
