Table Of ContentALICE L. BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI,1 984
c Dv I ti T c| lTR Ec r 'r1' 'ro F
"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slo nE beens amethingo f a baxlefield,.
Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob .inp toryht oL'ti ' thot b.t,\".n trts"fit||\e and
d?s..tplire Fl riru des 1o ,r.age.'r
Cu acestec urinte incepeu tn d,inte numeroatelea nclrctee fecluatein altima
treme asupra limbii englezea ctudle in Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,a ceea,,pr€scriptil'n", estea utori.tail, natmotird.,i ngrddird
ile numeroaser eguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLeg amaticii ld,tinea le secolnla;
al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{tet i rctragrade;( .ead ,ea
doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".e tle modernd,e voluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.n a este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademiea sendndtoarc celor
d.ep e cantinent," The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd in 1f68 d,er cpeLeG earye
!11II I-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu lncurujareaa rtelorp ldsticcp rin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6ent i (rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritorf ilrrdsesed, ,in! rctinri stribcchi,t n seamus ueeranilor
Si a nobiLilorc atcg aritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rleri arlulaa "lhej,|rp ^Irons". Lituba
d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l, ;rn,t :i sstlpln unpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc.
'to
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.len recte abliga.tarii".
Od,atdin sd cu descoperireaN d,iotel.egriucfi. t i a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
culturii in mosep rin intenled,iula cestasr ubiteti.p restiliaascm assm ediA.b ah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume cores ii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente,$ i nstfelE nglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd,
faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,i n direrft d.ialectec nglezcp, tsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwilel umii. Limbae ngLetdd .lfu.atil la BBC d tncetatd e a mai p ea fi consi-
deratd .,madelulu nic" ti s-a dd.optdtt ermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1lezes ocatildc a rodel. llcest nume lare sd aibi n1o.in rulle
Sanse. lc suprarieluirc, deaarecese preteazdI a conslrut:lii earel at reda nusnle
muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.c itF i faarteu tiLe.A sttcl.,g tumatir&p oatefi dascripli\A
snrrp rfr cri tt irar. l/on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
ft stard.rd sou subslandarda. (cptal0le,a ccepleda. rchaics aal a re,l.u rac-
cepled.r lnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLles d l,rtfcn€d, |bdcscert. obsolele,a nl,i-
quuted. sut,errnrualed.s uterseded.o ld-fashionedo, utwoln sduj "it r{!1es
["1'oulhcr]i4l .j s out cf daic";rlc. nd i,firilum.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonoticsi l tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; incqte s.ria dNf anrirci,"i dic
lionare toneticee nlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.es tudiul littlbii cngleze.
'lll.tl tlntihs .1 dlia. \:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6.
: L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
rIBC, abl"lia1ia runiclni rndtudiiuzi'Dii hitann'e: 'D tish BridcasttlS
. /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n'brrl"n..drr,l",Ir"+ lFrp |,r-,--.lo . \Liilr, l.i.,ri J.r"^1",. din ili
o i nr aPr o.moosr)
iic
_. ln p{ala winului sdut ii.dionalti trctrct n,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.\r tt,!)\|rh.
trr3nounc;ngD irt;onnr\-'.d tdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;d oi :;rid .dar (n n a,r int .lia
de a fa.ce pranuntiel ori tl,e4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrtt :ntt si carc isre
gtqlfi. ,-\creafpltunln a rcstui d.itlianar estcd ...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to
unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,( te dtr. n nnntir
considerali.Ld e persadtres coltvi:.at.d m swt t \n!ti!.i.''l
"Thc booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli!"n.B to
ottrtuDt i. r',odo to Ip.:,1. 1,4,rapva-. |-t. ^ p.^!1^ut,".... Ib, ,.. tt..rt tt, ,,..,
nurt:dt;on.L vp t.1,ry.,1 t,, \ r,,r.t,tt;,h.t.t...a.).t .tt .!.41 f -j al t.. I.L, ,r
Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d .t t*olid.liei
/1r.a, ...\. ,ii-r^, IlL, , t,r, 1.,,F.'j.,. .,i:.,t,r,,,.t1,! t. \r:lt,,:t.h
ndat', abrcr:or f.P,\, | ,,i,,. , lr, I,p r. \.-.,,i, r-. I d.....to t,r,r:tn
-
to"r" hrrr o.:4, n,iru t.4,ptt)p...,..., R.p. {He-\,j t'.,.,r ,r.
,,P n ,ntt n Ii a .rrI pphri -. oJ i t:r .pr,,,, cL r t.
( a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t ii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te ftl!,t, a sinlurd.
limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt:: tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r n,: $ritte
nt\glish) ti.li.mbu nrbitd (spoli{\r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti t.a fun|i
$t .nu:aJ.: tt'4jind t s.;rt,..t t. Drc.l .t..l
postLtlict. s.alt firnl rclrli
'1t1nti:
a) iormal spee,h (stil L fat at. cumronios, trn\;i):
1)) rrn ,ni \I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1\reic?. ,/irilllj
le:at. juid,ic t-i. !t.t::tires.:
c) inl.rrrnal sa'r coll0qujrl spe€rh (stilrl infornat t\)'tr\iti3 (nrti1);
^-,tu
Jl inl"rrr,,t r.,,r,".11,,t. .l !' i j /J./, rut,, t\r... ..t1\.):
'pl't'...r
lni rnhnti";,ni ou s.l1".t /t. t.,t r'tu' l,,o, t. ' ,..t.i,r.:,: _
d,el a puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl uu iiitrorlus
tn.o.rn ,0t |,ot:r td t4..pa;litatp ,,,,1 s,':.., , t,.'.,": ptn"at!! !,t. L.,o.tdt
u tst,Irared).
Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L,i rl lnnl)a u!\e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDrii c(tiri
zai. cult. iar uneducated:reicilaljz.1t. i.cutr. Iirrii fultrii: (,iln{jxlion :
s,colarrz:rfe.i fvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie lln Lniha. ntl nn) - r\Ntlrpr!
(go!d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra.a (.rette (un copit) :
II l,l al lns -u l:,c, d.unrtarplinor ..J :,tr:tlua . rt'-t i in!'r.u -i,,4,' .,trnr:t t,L4 ,'t".,..,, ,,,1't.nrt:tu uf:
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnato. a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti cuilt
spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t.. r.n *.ln. t:r,.o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL
\\/a..,dd u: p.t. a tt..pott " 1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tn
I Prrrr',!ia din s,L,l,a \nqlei x loslil.isi,n !nlel. deotdeie t..',.1.a..i,i.ihrrl
Srlfrfarr.nlr! si orll.[ia]. r.' Fljrrrc{ fra rNt,itil de s.rde rertr! ulir.Fitirtitf d! tr
O,'o- . -n. .' \, .i | ., t r'"r...r 'u, L,, l rti: ,:,. i,,,,r "! !,r i ,t r, ir ,r,hu_
semlul nl lll,t r:lf;nctbsln ij:3!1. lr,, iL{401. n\gb! \1itjil. I"I atr;! itajt\. ('htt
t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi..\ ..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi.c ,i turut r"oi,
r.!rtl
. lir.er -slll,Ll orriilof. |,r\uiplia ljir.srlord c l.rln,. f*. a!. ir geniru. siil
. . . stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in !..)pfr. r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
knUoqti.al spt.h/. jrLf oftrast.l iotr\frsitirtf sir !fisoril. ii t.{tcLr) forddtc.
CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrnel at t& 4 efa.anstd,efatn qral. dtical fu inccputltLa .est.ltis. eeol (inlo-
I ui r t a notni aLi.ruluit tt (rcu.sit au l 1a p r onu tc lc p eNnnael ; \\ho i . loc (1,\e\h .)m ;
i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locul prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLtl ui ta
N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11ouc ani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)e ste
nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
t! inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tg ranntlcd .rtl conrld€l4t sloppy.
Gaanad ,upds inplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it.m ai mu.Ut imp. a a(lust i
ertinderedl.o r telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelori njtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLLo iteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)(rf i the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluLt :rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii ro aiscL trcla.tLi intbajs urprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu
ttiu !ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnlii sain u i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,f aegies"( :bd,
H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in
Ne\! Fl!rglislLC rammar.L ogical ard Hisroriral 1392s i 1696), anticlptnd
s rile d,cf att utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtu dt lolie no tal ue cftept Les tate,n.nts
of ftl(:I: whateaeris in gen al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl
tati@llt eotrc(t."
Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja
un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i. )a lintiir €n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdra, i? entru a li set ontla o ha.i solit li si numa i rLupda eet:ae i.i si.n r putetl
{Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
tcleg t7wun,\a,ol;i.;ntin.irl u\tiy tO..t:t.oj,J, .fpt"l€''n5,d,iz., i i/r "The F',,i.s !teonnr iP.ralst.!l . rE.1!lgdl is,h1 ,tGb^ratpm rlln"s fe, ', 1ne9r3i-8,
ture r?d,e!r .1nt.1tie&en !\e.d: "as sotncthingL iti.ry antl derclopingu nd,er. onlinaal
flwluaions. $omcthini that ls founrlcno n the pasta nrt pr$aris rhc $'atJf or the
futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistenta r perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl,
pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan."
( L 1'i,\ t. l), 1tt.TE
Crunatiut rl.e[ aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputipi e Ld.e tat].ilianat..
,Si t tratale apnfu ddt taatul Jroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p ;t ,iulu st dc(nn
pa fnontenp.leg runaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le
(Llriarul\t nmain.
f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:ds ; t,c
bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr.t,tt, .x"r,.tt"iu;,i
ranate de o&menLJ. )e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
S a urmdrit.s d se dd,apuc tenninataSi.ylai !.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai
aptapiatd.d c f.nanenul s1ud,;atr.c nsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenred eosebhc
tald de gtatnatica lLmbii tot drr,. (:unit t Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t!e&t,
i,,olut o '[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
l4rt" 4!t,loti:t- -tu,.dt.tdf \irt $1un:n.. .-t..p t..,. :... a.., n,t,paptp.
pn\ttlp".J,rt, tir-: .t sd ltt ;',,'tlot-.. tt. . t n., I'i,. ,nr- ,,t.,....', I,tp
I.ntDtnn It1t t t n dl sltl..
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le
emnplitirairi ti notc d,e sulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprcc itttLtu ti driti.a.lid,
englptd ti despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)natee nlte:rtti.
Latted.a re pdragrafe nu tcNn&tud ,ct & inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd. ti !.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite.
. Lrt 'hrs,t'tti d.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0.
L-t .. o\tltt |n.tt ,;i,qut sl po4td + tt ,ntelo\pnit. lt.n un,,ffi
psl, dn .n, tut..tttt t.1;1 I \[ nn. ntorttr'p. ,rn t t Toretrei
dL la tnrcpurf tnt lu iirttt.
'1. " L I .t,'.t. ,!;) oo d0pt l[aoa,t;. ,.. ^to.p"otr,t-l r ],.t aatp .t'..t.ot'',..4.,t,. .tL .t....,.1 . pt.. ran ,,iJInncft"; ,t, ., t plpn.llpuil,n ;i.nd,e
Sp erin M wrca tlepLisn.l e cLitrc( utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leas i d.drui& specifice
nu t.LLu n..Lt arsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul ,\i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E;)TT{iRA
TABLA DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt cAtr€ citito! 5
Cuvlnt lnainto .,... 8
IIORTOLOGIA
. Sul6tantivu.t. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . t:t
9l
Adiectiwl ,2t
!,67
Numeralu.1. .................. r.. 229
247
457
hepotiiia. 489
5lt
520
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.. . . . . . 524
Sintara tlazei. 5?3
BIBLIOGRAFIA
626
INDICE 629
MORFOLOGIA
lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
p.9:
l
t7
{. CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE
1 t7
3 ti
tI, CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR
SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . - Ii
I ti
srbstantive comune
b17
SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti sub3t8nille8 bshac1e...... . . . ... It8
918
Substannve cono.ete
Sulstantive abstracte.l 10 19
Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si slD$iMti{o colcctlve .. . ' t2 7g
Srlstantive iniliYiduale . 13 19
t4 19
sulstantive coleotive
Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e 15 19
Sobltcntilo rumer8bile li ncnumerrbilo t8 t0
t9 20
Nuniabilitok| . ..
20 20
Substantiee numtdbite .
CCaalrcagcotreiir disct sicuil.s.-t.a. n-.i.iv..e. nu.mcrall t212 220Q
2X 20
Substuntioe nenrmetubite
24 20
Caracteristici,.-.. .. .
Categorii de substartive nc!,mPribil., . . . . .
t8 tt
Numcle spotu.ilor
29 2t
Nrmele de materii sau de mase
Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase
rabile ln iul .. - . . 3301 ?1
Produselen aturare
Animtrlele. ........ . t2 '23X
Plantele comesiibile. . . . 33 :r4
Numelc de mase :ibslraole.. 3i ,5
38 25
Nune de masea lshacte nenunerabile
Catcgoriid e srbsianlive (hnel). 39 26
40 26
TI I, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
t6
4t 26
Deliniliel........... ..
G€nurile ln sranlatic{ englczi. . . . L2 2tj
21
49 27
llasculin ti leninnt . . 21
Genul,s ubsiantivelo.. are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala - 6t 3'
62 33
Genulcomun..,..
Exprcsid Sranaticaldd €enxlui . 63 33
87 36
{\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll gon$8|e..
90 37
Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '
91 !7
!ifl,ll"{il'lii ,;, " ,i- .,ji,,;"0',1 ,;.ror"..i. ''i- : -::::= 92 37
.;;,;;;':i; i";;'i;" rd s,rEUrdr,- s.- i. -2.+ h..h-rsnrur'L DerxrtTlrrrr 93 37
95 37
t4
Lryq
snbstantivetc .ninate la singularIn 't sau' le :: ,;? 33
Subslantiltee rminatien 'q. . . .. . ;;i ie
Snbstantilct erminateln -th .. . . .. : : ;;; .10
PiilJu.id,li6. ni, rr,e"x; *ail . rorm"r, 'i.t!ru"rpr "'p ,'iva ;l;y; :
li;inlrllisubslintiY€lecolectile..-... l.li ;;
:inru r" 'dr'. tlu"dl. .
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," 113 ';:,
Plumle strline :j;
rDLi',olo^u . il if!,oljuir,.mid:"i"' , d '"" tJn".;r,ai1l ' uro 'rnmr, "lr. ,"s-, i rrl-ial,pr,r..ri,cnl, u,t1" r."e.ras. ii*it . :lI1:i9o1 " iiil03
iiFPi'J jl'lL""iri"]iJ i"""ir rol i,a n'ii., ..fr"iri;-r,liri;"'c,i, i l t iPI-' " dilnplrd, r "'.r1 isr ra" '. nr""im' ri'nra sr.eu'.1d - . o en "a\pri"r".:ra : ''aPu P. to!n -n'af g'ona.:r i iil;ltlll :ii:;'1
9luralul substaniile)or. con lnse .- . : ;;; re
ItPi'll'Jluiurr"ama 'll.hun. lll nn."uuntrmm'n"e.e'rl, lloot1.". }td ")ocrr"o ""lp,ur,tine e.rt cr. ...t. i.r...... ..t.- . ....:. .. .. .. - . , . ;j::l::;:'t . ; 66ii00
Plui, rl llor parliJ ' rorbi"P'u l' ' r"r\d
v. CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR - . . 189 6?
.
co..;o4-.,i,:, ,no.," : ::::: l;j !;
L Ll,J.f J ,'rt ,anti\". ,, ,,.,,
liomiistirul ......,._.. ...,.........,,,.....,,.. 198 6lt
D.riri1jc.... . : l# 3B
{\oumcliini.a.t.i.r.n-l \ooaur' . " ..................... ;i; 64
,':osrilr
Genlt'nl ... "
Deiini.1 .j.c.. ... .. . :. ;13 3l
Fun4ij . ... . iti {j5
rradtrcpre. ...... - " :tit 66
lormal ,. -..... . ,.
!28 66
Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie . " ' . . .: -
rormi............... :: .'.'',' 331 33
1€4
2ia '102
!80 i2
.......-..-........ 283 i3
!85 )'3
300 1t
307 ia
Drlird ,.... . . ,' 3n8 'i
Irefinil., ,.e.. il: l';
srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR 15
_.L 4a
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV . . . . . . 7A
Substantiwl adjeotivat 944 7A
Chdinea.r rvintelo. . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:. 345 19
Func$ile substantiftlui 347 19
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR 357 80
Dsde&.r ............. ....... . ..... 359 80
Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 80
Piefk€ ............... 36t 80
Sufi:€ ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 368 a2
DprivdFa re8r,8ie6... . .. 373 a4
REducere.a. ........... a?4 84
Atternanl€ lonetice 482 85
Abrevierea......... .. 383
SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . . . . 384 86
CoDpurcrm . .... 399 88
Sui6tertive tele$opate 40t 89
