GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications: Symposium No. 115 Boulder, CO, USA, July 3–4, 1995

344 Pages·1996·14.9 MB·English

by  Gerhard Beutler

International Association
of Geodesy Symposia
Wolfgang Torge, Series Editor
Springer
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International Association
of Geodesy Symposia
Wolfgang Torge, Series Editor
Symposium 101: Global and Regional Geodynamics
Symposium 102: Global Positioning System: An Overview
Symposium 103: Gravity, Gradiometry, and Gravimetry
Symposium 104: Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid
Symposium 105: Earth Rotation and Coordinate Reference Frames
Symposium 106: Determination of The Geoid: Present and Future
Symposium 107: Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote Sensing
Symposium 108: Applications of Geodesy to Engineering
Symposium 109: Permanent Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and Geodynamics
Symposium 110: From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity with Space and Airborne Instruments
Symposium 111: Recent Geodetic and Gravimetric Research in Latin America
Symposium 112: Geodesy and Physics of the Earth: Geodetic Contributions to Geodynamics
Symposium 113: Gravity and Geoid
Symposium 114: Geodetic Theory Today
Symposium 115: GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications
Symposium 116: Global Gravity Field and Its Temporal Variations
GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial,
Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications
Symposium No. 115
Boulder, CO, USA, July 3-4, 1995
Convened and Edited by
Gerhard Beutler
Giinter W. Hein
William G. Melbourne
Gunter Seeber
Gerhard Beutler William G. Melbourne
Astronomisches Institut JPL, 4800 Oak Grove Drive
Universitat Bern Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Sidlerstrafie 5
CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland GUnter Seeber
Institut fUr Erdmessung
GUnter W. Hein Universitat Hannover
Hochschule der Bundeswehr Nienburger Strafie 6
Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 D-30167 Hannover, Germany
D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany
Series Editor
Wolfgang Torge
Institut fUr Erdmessung
Universitat Hannover
Nienburger StraBe 6
D-30 167 Hannover, Germany
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
GPS trends in precise terrestrial, airborne, and spaceborne
applications: Boulder, Colorado, USA, July 3-4, 1995 / convened and
edited by Gerhard Beutler •.. [et al.l.
p. cm. -- (International AssOCiation of Geodesy symposi~ ;
symposium no. 115)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13:978-3-540-60872-1
1. Global Positioning System--Congresses. I. Beutler, G.
II. Series: International Association of Geodesy symposia
symposium 115.
GA109.5.G68 1996
526' .1'028--dc20
For information regarding symposia volumes 101 and onward contact:
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ISBN-13:978-3-540-60872-1 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-80133-4
DOT: 10.1007/978-3-642-80133-4
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Preface
These proceedings include most of the papers presented at the lAG Sympo
sium GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spacebome Appli
cations held in July 1995 during the XXI-th IUGG General Assembly in
Boulder, Colorado. The symposium was jointly organized by the lAG and
the International Union of Surveys and Mapping (IUSM).
The symposium was divided into four sessions, namely
(1) The International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS)
and other Permanent Networks,
(2) Spaceborne Applications of the GPS,
(3) Kinematic Applications of the GPS, and
(4) The GPS and its Relations to Geophysics.
The main purpose was to give an overview of the state of the art in 1995 of
the applications of the GPS to geodynamics, geodesy, surveying, and navi
gation.
The call for papers generated a flood of originally more than 70 abstracts;
quite a few could be redirected to other symposia, but still 56 papers found
their way into these proceedings. We thus conclude that the volume gives a
rather complete overview of GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne,
and Spacebome Applications in the year 1995.
Gerald L. Mader, the convenor of the 1991 lAG Symposium on Permanent
Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and Geodynamics, held at the
XX-th IUGG General Assembly in Vienna, wrote in the preface for the pro
ceedings of that symposium: "The Global Positioning System (GPS) is be
coming, and promises to remain for some time, one of the most important
geodetic measurement systems. The contributions to date of GPS geodesy
are truly revolutionary, encompassing such diverse applications as meas
urements of crustal deformation, precise positioning of mobile platforms and
monitoring of ionospheric conditions. When one considers the accuracy ob
tainable with GPS and the relatively low cost for acquiring this technology,
the full impact of GPS over the next decade is indeed very difficult to esti
mate."
v
It is our impression that four years later it is still difficult to estimate the full
impact of the GPS in all mentioned areas. Meanwhile the GPS became fully
operational; at times there were even more than the 24 planned satellites
(due to some long-lasting Block-I satellites). We have also seen that Anti
Spoofing (AS) had little effect on the high accuracy interferometric applica
tions of the GPS if modem receiver technology is available. These develop
ments led to a dramatic growth of the GPS user community. What else hap
pened during the last four years?
We have seen the remarkable exploitation of the GPS for the purposes of
regional and global geodynamics. Today, the International GPS Service for
Geodynamics (IGS) routinely produces orbits of sub-decimeter accuracy
complemented with IGS pole coordinates accurate to about 0.1-0.2 mil
liarcseconds. Who would have predicted this performance and this accuracy
level in 1991? The IGS contributions to the establishment of the ITRF, the
IERS Terrestrial Reference Frame, are getting more and more important,
too. The number of GPS-derived reference sites is steadily growing, the ac
curacy of the estimated coordinates, and, with the time basis increasing, the
accuracy of the estimated station velocities are comparable today with the
results of the other space geodetic methods. This development is well docu
mented in the first chapter of the proceedings. It also becomes apparent from
browsing through this first chapter that very powerful other permanent net
works, like the German DGPS service or the dense Japanese permanent GPS
networks, are being built up. This development will undoubtedly continue in
future and it will stimulate in tum most reliable hardware and very powerful
and easy to use software tools. We would not be amazed if four years from
now several regional networks for monitoring crustal movements or defor
mations with several hundred receivers would be fully operational and tum
out results in near real time.
The articles contained in the second chapter Spaceborne Applications of the
GPS have the focus on the TopexlPoseidon mission, where a space-borne
GPS receiver together with SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) and the French
DORIS system were used for orbit determination, and on the GPS-MET ex
periment, where a spacebome GPS receiver was used for atmosphere
sounding. That only few institutions were able to contribute to the research
in this area up till now, does not mean that the area is not relevant, but rather
that the topic is still "very young". From the overview article (first article) of
chapter 2 we conclude that the potential of spacebome GPS applications is
VI
tremendous, indeed. We thus predict that four years from now there might
be many more institutions interested in and contributing to this topic.
Kinematic applications of the GPS always are fascinating, sometimes even
amusing to browse through. One may get the impression that every day a
new application for the GPS is found. If you do not believe it, just read the
overview article (first article) of the third chapter - even farmers seem to get
involved in space geodesy nowadays! Apart from that it seems that the prog
ress over the last four years in the areas of receiver technology and process
ing strategies were more pronounced for kinematic than for static applica
tions. It is also interesting to note that the combination of GPS with other
sensors is alive in kinematics: the combination of GPS receivers with Iner
tial Navigation Systems (INS) proves to be most useful.
There are in principle two motivations to study the atmosphere refraction
using the GPS: one may model the atmosphere with the main goal of im
proving the estimates for the other parameters of a GPS adjustment
(coordinates, orbits, etc.). This was the main motivation in the past, where
the atmosphere parameters were considered as nuisance parameters. One
may, on the other hand, be primarily interested in atmosphere physics, or
more precisely, in setting up an interface between the "GPS world" and at
mosphere physics. When we asked for contributions to the fourth session we
had applications of the second kind in mind, like e.g. the estimation of the
total precipitable water content with a high time resolution (hours to min
utes), or the establishment of ionosphere models, or the assessment of the
stochastic behaviour of the ionosphere. We believed that this would be a
"hot topic", in particular in view of the potential offered by a globally dis
tributed network like that of the IGS. Our opinion was shared by the authors
of the overview paper for the fourth chapter and by the article written by at
mosphere physicists. Most other contributions dealt with GPS internal at
mosphere modeling questions, like "how to establish GPS-derived iono
sphere models with the goal to use them for the processing of single-band
GPS data". Again, we believe that the situation might be quite different four
years from now.
In an a posteriori evaluation of our symposium we found it problematic that
there was no theory and method-related session. On the other hand we ob
tained quite a few remarkable papers belonging to this area. This is why we
created a fifth chapter theory and methodolgy for these proceedings. We be
lieve that it would have been a mistake to hide fascinating articles like those
VII
related to ambiguity resolution, or topics like the antenna phase center
variations, which are known to be crucial in the future, or reports about new
software developments with interesting characteristics in the other four
chapters.
Modem scientists have many obligations and it is not always easy to ob
serve deadlines. Let us therefore express our sincere thanks to the 56 authors
of these proceedings making it possible to send the manuscript GPS Trends
in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications to the pub
lisher about four month after the Boulder symposium.
Gerhard Beutler
Gunter Hein
William G. Melbourne
Gunter Seeber
VIII
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
The International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS)
and other Permanent Networks
The International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS): The Story
G. Beutler, I.I. Mueller, and R.E. Neilan ........................................................................ 3
IGS Combination of Precise GPS Satellite Ephemerides and Clocks
Y. Mireault, J. Kouba, and F. Lahaye ........................................................................... 14
Global GPS Data Flow from Station to User within the IGS
C. E. Noll and W. Gurtner ............................................................................................. 24
Global Plate Kinematics Estimated by GPS Data of the IGS Core Network
G. Gendt, G. Dick, and C. Reigber ................................................................................ 30
The Impact of IGS on the Analysis of Regional GPS-Networks
D. Angermann, G. Baustert, J. Klotz, J. Reinking, and S. Y. Zhu ................................. 35
Variation in EOP and Station Coordinate Solutions
from the Canadian Active Control System (CACS)
R. Ferland, J. Kouba, P. Tetreault, and J. Popelar ...................................................... 42
Common Experiment of the Analysis Centre CODE and the Institute of Geodesy
and Geodetic Astronomy of Warsaw University of Technology (IGGA WUT)
on the Combination of Regional and Global Solutions
1. B. Rogowski, M. Piraszewski, M. Figurski, E. Brockmann, and M. Rothacher ....... 47
Using GPS to Determine Earth Orientation
D. D. McCarthy, and B.J. Luzum ................................................................................ 52
The Permanent GPS Station at the University of Padova
A. Caporali, and A. Galgaro ........................................................................................ 59
Analysis of Continuous GPS Observations for Geodynamics Purposes
1. Kostelecky, P. Novak, L. Skorepa, and J. Simek ....................................................... 65
IX
The Western Canada Deformation Array:
An Update on GPS Solutions and Error Analysis
X. Chen, R.B. Langley, and H. Dragert ......................................................................... 70
The DGPS Service for the FRG: Concept and Status.
P. Hankemeier ...................................................................................................... 75
Status of the Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GPS (RBMC).
L. P. S. Fortes ....................................................................................................... 85
Weekly-Arc Approach to Improve the Resolution of the Long-Term Crustal
Movements in Japanese GPS Fixed-Point Network.
S. Shimada ............................................................................................................ 89
Unification of Regional Vertical Datums Using GPS.
M. Pan and L.E. Sjoberg ............................................................................................... 94
GPS Derived Displacements in the Azores Triple Junction Region.
L. Bastos, J. Osorio, G. Hein, and H. Landau .............................................................. 99
Application of GPS Kinematic Method for Detection of Crustal Movements
with High Temporal Resolution.
Y. Hatanaka, H. Tsuji, Y. Iimura, K. Kobayashi, and H. Morishita ........................... 105
Chapter 2
Spaceborne Applications of the GPS
Spaceborne GPS for Earth Science.
T. P. Yunck and W.G. Melbourne ............................................................................... 113
TOPEXlPoseidon Precision Orbit Determination
with SLR and GPS Anti-Spoofing Data.
L. Cangahuala, R. Muellerschoen, D.N. Yuan, E. Christensen,
E. Graat, and J. Guinn ................................................................................................. 123
TOPEXlPoseidon Precision Orbit Determination
Using Combined GPS, SLR and DORIS.
J. Guinn, R. Muellerschoen, L. Cangahuala, D.-N. Yuan, B. Haines,
M. Watkins, and E. Christensen ................................................................................... 128
x