Governing the Use-of-Force in International Relations: The Post 9/11 US Challenge on International Law

245 Pages·2014·1.267 MB·English

by  Aiden Warren, Ingvild Bode (auth.)

NewSecurityChallengesSeries
GeneralEditor:StuartCroft,ProfessorofInternationalSecurityintheDepartmentofPoliticsandInternational
StudiesattheUniversityofWarwick,UK,andDirectoroftheESRC’sNewSecurityChallengesProgramme.
Thelastdecadedemonstratedthatthreatstosecurityvarygreatlyintheircausesandmanifestations,andthatthey
inviteinterestanddemandresponsesfromthesocialsciences,civilsocietyandaverybroadpolicycommunity.
Inthepast,theavoidanceofwarwastheprimaryobjective,butwiththeendoftheColdWartheretentionof
militarydefenceasthecentrepieceofinternationalsecurityagendabecameuntenable.Therehasbeen,therefore,
asignificantshiftinemphasisawayfromtraditionalapproachestosecuritytoanewagendathattalksofthe
softersideofsecurity,intermsofhumansecurity,economicsecurityandenvironmantalsecurity.ThetopicalNew
SecurityChallengesseriesreflectsthispressingpoliticalandresearchagenda.
Titlesinclude:
NatashaUnderhill
COUNTERINGGLOBALTERRORISMANDINSURGENCY
CalculatingtheRiskofState-FailureinAfghanistan,PakistanandIraq
AbdulHaqqBaker
EXTREMISTSINOURMIDST
ConfrontingTerro
RobinCameron
SUBJECTSOFSECURITY
DomesticEffectsofForeignPolicyintheWaronTerror
SharylCross,SavoKentera,R.CraigNationandRadovanVukadinovic(editors)
SHAPINGSOUTHEASTEUROPE’SSECURITYCOMMUNITYFORTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY
Trust,Partnership,Integration
TomDysonandTheodoreKonstadinides
EUROPEANDEFENCECOOPERATIONINEULAWANDIRTHEORY
HåkanEdström,JanneHaalandMatlaryandMagnusPetersson(editors)
NATO:THEPOWEROFPARTNERSHIPS
HåkanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre
POLITICALASPIRATIONSANDPERILSOFSECURITY
UnpackingtheMilitaryStrategyoftheUnitedNations
HakanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre(editors)
PURSUINGSTRATEGY
NATOOperationsfromtheGulfWartoGaddafi
HamedEl-Said
NEWAPPROACHESTOCOUNTERINGTERRORISM
DesigningandEvaluatingCounterRadicalizationandDe-RadicalizationPrograms
PhilipEvertsandPierangeloIsernia
PUBLICOPINION,TRANSATLANTICRELATIONSANDTHEUSEOFFORCE
AdrianGallagher
GENOCIDEANDITSTHREATTOCONTEMPORARYINTERNATIONALORDER
KevinGillan,JennyPickerillandFrankWebster
ANTI-WARACTIVISM
NewMediaandProtestintheInformationAge
JamesGowandIvanZverzhanovski
SECURITY,DEMOCRACYANDWARCRIMES
SecuritySectorTransformationinSerbia
ToniHaastrup
CHARTINGTRANSFORMATIONTHROUGHSECURITY
ContemporaryEU-AfricaRelations
EllenHallams,LucaRattiandBenZyla(editors)
NATOBEYOND9/11
TheTransformationoftheAtlanticAlliance
CarolinHilpert
STRATEGICCULTURALCHANGEANDTHECHALLENGEFORSECURITYPOLICY
GermanyandtheBundeswehr’sDeploymenttoAfghanistan
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OPENSOURCEINTELLIGENCEINTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY
NewApproachesandOpportunities
PaulJacksonandPeterAlbrecht
RECONSTRUCTIONSECURITYAFTERCONFLICT
SecuritySectorReforminSierraLeone
JanneHaalandMatlary
EUROPEANUNIONSECURITYDYNAMICS
IntheNewNationalInterest
SebastianMayer(editor)
NATO’sPOST-COLDWARPOLITICS
TheChangingProvisionofSecurity
KevorkOskanian
FEAR,WEAKNESSANDPOWERINTHEPOST-SOVIETSOUTHCAUCASUS
ATheoreticalandEmpiricalAnalysis
MichaelPugh,NeilCooperandMandyTurner(editors)
WHOSEPEACE?CRITICALPERSPECTIVESONTHEPOLITICALECONOMYOFPEACEBUILDING
NathanRoger
IMAGEWARFAREINTHEWARONTERROR
AglayaSnetkovandStephenAris
THEREGIONALDIMENSIONSTOSECURITY
OtherSidesofAfghanistan
HolgerStritzel
SECURITYINTRANSLATION
SecuritizationTheoryandtheLocalizationofThreat
AliTekinandPaulAndrewWilliams
GEO-POLITICSOFTHEEURO-ASIAENERGYNEXUS
TheEuropeanUnion,RussiaandTurkey
AidenWarrenandIngvildBode
GOVERNINGTHEUSE-OF-FORCEININTERNATIONALRELATIONS
ThePost-9/11USChallengeonInternationalLaw
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Governing the Use-of-Force
in International Relations
The Post-9/11 US Challenge on
International Law
Aiden Warren
RMITUniversity,Australia
Ingvild Bode
UnitedNationsUniversity,Japan
©AidenWarrenandIngvildBode2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-41143-3
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Warren,Aiden,author.
Newsecuritychallenges:thepost9/11USchallengeoninternational
law/AidenWarren,IngvildBode.
pagescm
Summary:“ThisbookexaminesUSrecoursetomilitaryforceinthepost-9/11era.
Inparticular,itevaluatestheextenttowhichtheBushandObamaadministrations
viewedlegitimizingthegreateruse-of-forceasanecessarysolutiontothwartthe
securitythreatpresentedbyglobalterroristnetworksandWMDproliferation.The
Bushadministration’suse-of-forcepolicycenteredonadvocatingpreemptive
self-defenceoptions,whichwerereallypreventiveinnature.Forexample,itis
arguedthattheyrespondedtopotentiallong-termthreatsbasedonambiguous
evidence.Centraltothiscloakingofpreventiveoptionsinthemorelegitimate
languageofpreemptiveself-defencewasanexpandednotionofwhatcountsasan
imminentthreat.DespitetheObamaadministration’savowaltomultilateralismand
professedUSadherencetoglobalnorms,itdidnotexpresslyrejecthis
predecessor’sreasoningonthepreemptive/preventiveuse-of-force.Indeed,the
Administration’scounter-terroristcampaignagainstAlQaedaandinparticularits
droneprogrammadetheuse-of-forceinself-defenceawidespread,regular,even
commonplaceoccurrenceduringObama’stenure.Despitebeingpositionedat
differentpointsonthepoliticalspectrum,thebookthereforeconcludesthatBush
andObamahavechosenaremarkablysimilarapproachtowardsexpandingthe
use-of-forceinself-defence.”—Providedbypublisher.
1. Intervention(Internationallaw) 2. Unilateralacts(Internationallaw)
3. Internationallaw—UnitedStates. 4. Preemptiveattack(Militaryscience)
5. Self-defense(Internationallaw) 6. UnitedStates—Militarypolicy.
7. Internalsecurity—UnitedStates. I. Bode,Ingvild,author. II. Title.
KZ6368.W372014
341.6(cid:2)3—dc23 2014023152
Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vi
Acknowledgments vii
ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms ix
Introduction 1
1 TheInternationalLegalParadigm:TheUNCharterjusadbellum
Regime 9
2 Self-DefenseinInternationalLaw:Preemptive/Preventive
Requisites 23
3 PreventiveandPreemptiveSelf-DefenseinUSNational
SecurityPolicy:ABriefHistory 46
4 BushandtheUse-of-Force 60
5 ObamaandtheUse-of-Force 82
6 TheRiseofDrones 107
Conclusion:theUse-of-ForceandtheMakingofHegemonic
InternationalLaw–FromBushtoObama 134
Notes 153
Bibliography 203
Index 230
v
Figures and Tables
Figures
5.1 USmilitaryexpenditureinUS$billionfrom2001to2012 93
Tables
2.1 Varietiesofstateattachmenttoterroristactors 43
6.1 NumbersofreporteddronestrikesinPakistan,Yemenand
Somalia(2001–2013) 110
6.2 NumbersofreporteddronestrikesinAfghanistan,Iraqand
Libya(2001–2013) 110
6.3 CiviliandeathsfromdronestrikesinPakistanandYemen 128
vi
Acknowledgments
AidenWarrenIntryingtoaddresssignificantquestionsintheinternational
securityandinternationallawdomains,thisprojectrequiredtheassistance
and support of many people. Once again, I want to thank my immediate
family – Nicole, Bridie, Alana, Georgia, Anne (Mum), Dempsey, my late
Father, Michael, and my late baby sister, Gabrielle. Your love and patience
has given me many wonderful opportunities, one of which is the privilege
toresearchandpublish.Icouldn’thavedoneanyofthiswithoutyou.
In terms of the publishing process, I want to thank the staff at Palgrave
Macmillan, most notably Eleanor Davey-Corrigan and Emily Russell. From
the very first correspondence with Eleanor, through to the book’s publica-
tion,bothhavebeensignificantdriversofthisproject.Theirprofessionalism,
clear communication skills and patience have enabled each stage of the
publishingprocesstorunverysmoothly.
I also want to thank the team at Global Studies at RMIT University –
ProfessorJosephSiracusa,AssociateProfessorPaulBattersby,DrPeterPhipps,
Dr Damian Grenfell, Dr Julian Lee, and Dr Robbie Guevara. Thank you
for all your efforts, support and conversations – I feel I am in an amazing
environmentthatisconducivetoinnovativeteaching,writingandresearch
outcomes,butmostimportantly,bigideas!
Ofcourse,thisprojectcouldnothavetakenplacewithouttheadvice,sup-
portandexpertiseofDrDavidMickler.Hisknowledgeandcontributionin
termsofstructuring,positioningofargumentandinternationallaw/security
insightshavebeeninvaluabletosaytheleast.Thanksmate!
Lastly, I want to thank my coauthor in this project, Dr Ingvild Bode.
Herintelligentapproach,thoroughness,eyefordetailandexceptionalwork
ethichaveenabledthisprojecttobeexecutedinatimely,calmandcreative
fashion.IthasbeenasuccessfulcollaborationandIhopetoworkwithyou
againinthenottoodistantfuture.
IngvildBodeJustlikeallresearchprojects,thethoughtprocessthatwent
into this book was a long time coming. Almost three years ago, I read an
articlediscussingPresidentBarackObama’ssurprisinglysupportiveapproach
towardUSuse-of-forceandbeganthinkingabouthowtheseobservationsfit
withtheclearbreakhisadministrationwassupposedtobeengagedinwith
respecttohispredecessor’spolicies.So,naturally,whenmycoauthorAiden
Warren approached me with his idea about a book project analyzing just
these ideas, I was immediately excited to be a part of it – especially as it
would also allow me to bring in my long-standinginterest in the workings
ofinternationallawintheUnitedNationssystem.Tobeginwith,Itherefore
wanttoexpressmythankstoAidenforsuggestingourcollaborationonthis
vii
viii Acknowledgments
bookandformakingtheprocessofitswritingsoinspiringandinformative.
Iverymuchappreciatedit.
Discussionswithacademiccolleagueshavealsobeeninstrumentalpartsof
mythoughtprocessforthisbook.IwanttothankVesselinPopovskiforpro-
vidingtimelyinsightsintotheintricaciesofinternationallawandpointing
out inconsistencies in US administrations’ legal arguments. Further, I want
tothankmypostdoctoralcolleaguesWeenaGera,KoelRoychowdhuryand
Marian Urbina-Ferretjans at the United Nations University for being a crit-
ical and attentive audience to my frequent lunch-time rants about the
use-of-forceandUSforeignpolicy.
I also want to express my thanks to the publishing team at Palgrave
Macmillan, and in particular Eleanor Davey-Corrigan, who was quick to
supporttheprojectandhelpedthisendeavorfromstarttofinish.
Finally,Iwanttothankmyfamily,mysistersMareikeandSaskia,andin
particularmymumEdda,whohasonceagainbeensuchasupportivevoice
throughoutmyworkonthis.Youarethebest.Specialthanksalsogooutto
myfriends,inparticularEvaHeesenandIsabelGrünewald,whowerecrucial
and patient discussion partners in the early phase of this project spent in
Hanover. It is a great privilege to have you as friends. Last but not least,
I want to thank Hendrik for his insights, wonderful calmness of mind and
forprovidingmewithmealsandhotbeveragesinthelastexhaustingweeks
ofthisproject.Idedicatethistoyou.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ASIL AmericanSocietyonInternationalLaw
BWC BiologicalWeaponsConvention
CBRN Chemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear
CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
CWC ChemicalWeaponsConvention
DCI DirectorofCentralIntelligence
DOD DepartmentofDefense
DOE DepartmentofEnergy
DOJ DepartmentofJustice
DOS DepartmentofState
DOT DepartmentofTreasury
DMZ DemilitarizedZone
DPRK DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
FRY FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(FRY)
G20 Groupof20
HDBTs HardenedandDeeplyBuriedTargets
HIL HegemonicInternationalLaw
IAEA InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
IAF IraqiArmedForces
ICBMs IntercontinentalBallisticMissiles
ICC InternationalCriminalCourt
ICISS InternationalCommissiononInterventionandState
Sovereignty
ICJ InternationalCourtofJustice
ICRC InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross
IED ImprovisedExplosiveDevice
IHL InternationalHumanitarianLaw
ILC InternationalLawCommission
IMF InternationalMonetaryFund
IRBM IntermediateRangeBallisticMissile
JCS JointChiefsofStaff
MOU MemorandumofUnderstanding
MRBM MediumRangeBallisticMissile
MTCR MissileTechnologyControlRegime
NIE NationalIntelligenceEstimate
NPR NuclearPostureReview
NPT Non-proliferationTreaty
NSC NationalSecurityCouncil
ix