GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN METAL LEACHING AND ACID ROCK DRAINAGE WORK Abiotic ...

30 Pages·1999·0.18 MB·English

YRASSO LFGO SMRE TDESUNI
LA TGENMIHCAE LDNA DICA KC OERGANIARKDROW
sr octictaoFibA ,,es lerp iomgtfanix ites vnete iecasmlnhio- etrrnluafoalntfnneimnorivnE
.etamilc
noitprosbA ehT ekatpu fo a sag yb a dilos ro a diuqil ro a diuqil yb a.dilos
noitprosbA sreffid morf noitprosda ni taht eht debrosba ecnatsbus
setaemrep eht klub fo eht gnibrosba .ecnatsbus oslA desu otebircsed
.slamin adn astnal py bekatpu
dniociAtareneG noitcudorP fo ytidica e vitceps efrori sti tceffe no eh ttnecaj dearopretaw
ro rehtehw eht lairetam si ten dica gnicudorp ro .gnizilartuen suoiraV
oxidation snoitcaer ecudorp ytidica , gnidulcni eht noitisopmocedfo
cinagro rettam dna eht oxidation .sr efmzouiilni otmrmeaf ehyTramirp
secruos fo dicanoitareneg ni enim slairetam era sulf edi oxidation dna
eht noitulossid lf aocuiddiiscear sulf edi oxidation products. Generated
ytidica ya meb dezilartuen , desaeler yltcerid otni noitulos ro deniaterni
eht mrof fo dica stlas htiw eh tlaitnetop ot evlossid ta a retal .emit sihT
mret yam eb desufnoc htiw eht noitareneg fo dicaeganiard dna ARD ,
anemonehp taht eriuqer eganiard dna dica noitcudorp ni ssecxe fo
.e neoSitazilartuen ARD generation .
dicA eniMeganiarD eeS e gd aikncciaoarrd .
(AMD)
gnizilar tduiecNA eeS lnaoiittn)aePztNio(lpartuen d na smynorcA .
Capacity (ANC)
dicA laitnetoP)PA( lait nmeut moeiphxTam dicanoitareneg morf a.elpmas noi teahlTuclac
foPA (or MPA) si na largetni trap fo esab/dicagnitnuocca . nIeht
lanoitidart keboS dohtem fo esab/dica,gnitnuocca PA si detaluclacyb
ge n neir or yofoelomhptitlum flus ru syassa yb ,52.13 non oeihttpmussa
m otrlfu sl elyritwid itcaaht sulfide larenim oxidation e ldhlntaa sulf ru ni
eht nevig noitcarf srucco sa etiryp . egdelwonK fo elpmasyrtsimehc
yllaicepse( ,)Hp flus ur ygolarenim dna sulfide larenim yrtsimehcera
deriuqer rof na etarucca .tnemssessa nI lartuen Hp ,selpmas esu foeht
sulfide sulf ru sulp led S% yllaci psyetdivorp a evitavr eesrnuoscaemfo
,PA elihw gnidiova egral srorre sa a tluser fo eht noisulcni focisab
sulf seta dna cinagro ruflus . leD S% elbaifitnedinu( ruflus )smrofsi
dedulcni ot erusne dica gnitareneg latnemele ro oiht flus ate ruflus si
.dedulcni cidicA ,seiceps yradnoces slarenim dna suohpromaslairetam
ggnn iidcdiuucdlaocrnpi flus s le athraceunsi msa etisoraj dna etinulaera
yleki lot etbnes ed rndpal udoeh rseebd ifsino ce hetlpm assah nacidica
pH. Total sulfur r odfetutitsb ueys bam sulfide sulfur o ns iereh tf i sulfate
or cinagro sulfur . ehT serudecorp desu ot evired PA dluohs ebylraelc
.deifitnedi etaruccA antoaidtat esreprrieutqneir n agnidnatsredn ufoeht
lacitylana ,serudecorp eht lacisyhp dna lacimehcoeg snoitidnoc eht
lairetam lliw eb detcejbus ot dna eht ,ytitne dnioitacol dna ytivitcaerfo
eht gnitubirtn o.cslarenim fluS sedi reffid ni rieht PA dna anoitcerroc
yam eb deriuqer ot eht P Anoitalu celra ecehtwiryp-non ediflus sl arenim
rucco ni tnacifingis .stnuoma A lacigolarenim tnemssessa lliw eb
deriuqer ot enimreted eht ediflus .ygolarenim ehT noitartnecnocfo
nommoc sulfide sl aetkei ml,uC Mo, bP dna nZ nac eb desu otetamitse
nor in -ofniootnartne cenhotc flus .sedi
egan i kadcrioDcRA Low Hpeganiard yt it cnosa e tlphida a tceicmiivr owfienrfrtafueasdmni
(ARD) ezilartuen eht cidica stcudorp fo sulfide dna latnemele ruflus oxidation
sdntnocaiu td .euof sshlrocl ltopiasasdr uisiedoricnnhedaiaptmraomma
DRA si decudorp nehw eht PN si on regnol elbapac fogniniatniam
lartue nHp .te x gn eeaIet m nhn eufitoslloacn boronavdiirt uiasdaneomc
fo ,gnini myam e bderrefe rot sa dica enimeganiard .)DMA( eeSosla
ndoiictaareneg , ARD onset d na effective field neutralization potential .
Acid-Base Accounting A seires fo lacimehc sesylana dna detaluclac seulav taht edivorp a
(ABA) yran inmoiiltearuplave fo eht ,stnuoma dna evital e,recnalab fo ehtdica
noitareneg laitnetopPA( or MPA ) dnnoaitazilar tluaeint-ndeitcoapPN(
ro CNA ) fo a elpmas . ehT detaluclac seulav era desu ot ekam
yranimilerp snoitcejorp tuoba rehtehw a elpmas lliw ecudorp dica
.eganiard etoN taht ni ,ailartsuA dica esab gnitnuocca snoitaluclac era
desab no eht ten ytidica fo selpmas gk( foH SO ,)t/ saerehw nihtroN
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aciremA ti si desab no eht ten gnizilartuen laitnetop elbaliava gk(fo
OCaC /t). ABA sedulcni eht tsom nommoc citats stset desu ni eht
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noitciderp fo dica kcoreganiard . ehT laitnetop dica noitcudorp )PA(si
de nyil m nsryoiebmstmye oldrcaonfa ruflus .seiceps ehnToitazilartuen
lai t)nPeNt( onpa cde neibm ry ebgtneod rdtisca( de i,fkiedboomS Sobek
dna CB )hcraeseR klubPN ,serudecorp kaew dica klubPN procedures
ro/dna suoirav etanobrac .serusaem ecniS elbaredisnoc noitairav si
elbissop ni e l,pnmoaistarape repht la c,isteyrluadneacor peht rebmunfo
stset dna eht rennam ni hcihw eht lacitylana atad si ,deterpretnieht
s.e drddeuelidsu feuo yic heltosbrnr aepsedeliscU fo A:B eAadtualdcni
noi tf ao. em1lsi artniasatoeicni y dtenihaltiba ilraacvimehcoeg laitnetop
rof ;DRA .2 trap fo neohittam rdoefsnui ni a ecri of,midceenpisf-eertis
noitciderp fo erutuf lacimehcoeg ;snoitidnoc .3 lanoitarepo
noitaziretcarahc fo eht ytilibairav dna DRA laitnetop fo detavacxe
d env ir .es2spbi ohs nto Iid st e,ianssloaeebcra fdre us lsodapnixareetam
tnatro pomti eton taht no rieht nw os ee rsdueldhuetoc hoysrlpno ebdesu
sa a gnineercs loot hcihw nac enimreted eht gnicudorp-di cearutan foa
enim etsaw ylno fi ereht si a egra lecnala bnmeiewteb eht PA dna.PN
etaruccA DRA noitciderp dna ABA atad noitaterpretni seriuqer na
gnidnatsrednu fo eht sisylana ,serudecorp eht erutuf lacisyhp dna
lacimehcoeg snoitidnoc dna eht ,ytitnedi noitacol dna ytivitcaer foeht
gnitu b.isrltanroecnim citeniKstset , larenim noitacifitn eddniadeliated
lairetam noitaziretcarahc era deriuqer ot edivorp siht .noitamrofni eeS
osla citats PNserudecorp . eeS osla dica noitareneg dna noitazilartuen
potential .
cid iecgAaniarD)DA( y n oadteilp pmar eltaren eAg eganiard n ahti w cidicaHp s s ercoxe
ytidica s nfooeiFtartne cdneotca vneilae tdn loeucgoacn i ta ear.thdotN 2+
dsneazid inx oosruior r eeehf ct,n roe e vaH vdap>.enh7 waoH
. p eole r lSedH,ihpswtetatipicerp e gd aikncciaoarrd .
Acidic pH .cid idcea r yenHnd opai<i st 7nisonici fleadcim eth ccyi Brats desaBno
fnaooitinif eydrartib rsa’yrasso lsgiht lartuen-raenHp as between 6.0 to
c,i0d .iH8c pad esn iisfaed Hp seulav ssel naht .6 ehT tniop fonrecnoc
gnidrager cidica Hp seulav si yllacip ydtenimreted yb eht Hp eulavta
hcihw ereht si atna ceisfaienrgcinsi ni e hyttilibulo sfoc iefhitceps-etis
o s .le naerSecn ofscolatem enilakla pH.
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Acidity A erusaem fo eht yticapac fo a noitulos ot ezilartuen a gnorts.esab
dyebnimre tyeldlacitylanA titration d n elen lulpo.aliecawdiv t yelhaTna
eht Hp dne tniop rof eht titration .nsengon oiiesrr sd ufeyAsochaxeem
noitulos dna devlossid seiceps rof( ,elpmaxe tnelavirt muinimuladna
muinimulayxordyh )sexelpmoc elbapac fo gnicudorp na .ssecxe ehT
ytidica fo a noit uyllolsa rseenseagercni sa sti Hp .sesaerced revewoH
snoitu lhotsi wralimis Hp seulav yam evah y r te.nvse'ryetfifdiidca eeS
osla alkalinity .
Acid- elbahcaeL fluS ate A erusaem fo sulf eta sulf ru ni a ,e lgpnmiatspec xteaht hcihw sruccosa
fluS ru etirab . demu s osgtAni td aielnrcbaiearn- ten. ugosHenepnlpm asdicA
Hp selpmas yam edulcni cidica flus eta seiceps hcus sa etisoraj dna
.etinula enO fo a seires fo flus ru sesylana taht era a trap fo esab-dica
gnitnuocca , desserpxe sa .S% eeS osla total sulf eta sulf ru dna muirab
sulf eta sulf ru .
laci meevhiCtcA sessecorP ni hcihw slacimehc ro larutan sdnuopmoc era dedda ot
tnemtaerT detanimatnoc eganiard ot evorpmi retaw .ytilauq rotarepO lortnocnac
yrav morf ylevitaler elpmis hctab tnemtaert ot a detacitsihpos
sseco rdpeliat ed dnsaevitid dealpitl uhmt itwna ltpnemtae rdteziretupmoc
gnirotinom dna .lortnoc stnemevorpmI ni retaw ytilauq yllausutluser
morf eht dica noitazilartuen dna eht noitatipicerp ro noitatipicerp-ocfo
eht stnan ismuaotinroecteled . oeselSa tengedmutlasert .
syttsie cTeitxuocTA erusaeM fo rehtehw na msinagro nac evivrus erusopxe ot eht tset
noit u .lreoomsfit- f do ae-idfoiicr eeeppesSosla etucayticixot , yassaoib
dna yctiincoirxhoct .
y teitcuicxAoT .stcef fleahteL o s eleaS yctiincoirxhoct .
Adit latnoziroH ro raen latnoziroh egassap nevird morf eht ecafrus otnieht
edis fo a niatnuom ro llih ot ssecc asgnikrow ro retawed eht enim . See
osla drift , tucssorc , level d na latrop .
noitprosdA fsoecafr ue shndtoeniat ee rrsan orsioelucel o,msmo thaci hyswbsecorP
osl ae e .Sgnidni blacisyh pr olacimeh cy bsdilos noitprosba .
laireA nI eht ecneserp fo eht htrae s’ .erehpsomta eeS osla ciborea dna
laireabus .
ciboreA o s .le naeeSgy xfeoocnese re phntI lairea dna ciboreana .
noitaneilA fo dnaLdna snoitcA hcihw tneverp eht noitamalcer fo eht debrutsid epacsdnal ota
sesru orCetaW .gnin ifnmooitass ee chrtet fe aseuvitcudorp
egani aernDilaklA y n oadteilp pmar eltaren eAg eganiard n ahti w enilaklaHp .
eHnpilaklA .cid idcea r yenHnd opai>i st 7nisonici fleadcim eth ccyi Brats desaBno
siht s’yrassolg yrartibra noitinifed fo lartuen-raen as pH 6.0 to 8.0,
enilakla Hp si denifed sa Hp seulav retaerg naht .0.8 gnidnepeDno
tnemnrevog senilediug dna dednetni egasu fo eht ,retaw mumixam
dettimrep Hp seulav ni gniviecer sretaw morf enim egrahcsidyrav
n 5e.d.e5n8w.at 9e boeselSa cidicaHp .
tnemd nyetmiAnilaklA lairetaM taht sevlossid ni retaw ot evig/etanobracib etanobrac and/or
dn asno iedixordyh sezilartuen e h ftlo l raeom os ytidica tn ensierp cidica
eganiard .
ytinilaklA A erusaem fo eht yticapac fo a noitulos ottuen ezilar a gnorts.dica
dyebnimre tyeldlacitylanA titration d n elen lulpo.aliecawdiv t yelhaTna
eht Hp dne tniop rof eht titration . A erusaem fo ssecxe
/etanobracib etanobrac ro/dna edixordyh ni noitulos ro fo a dilos
s'lairetam ytiliba ot ecudorp na .ssecxe ehT alkalinity fo anoitulos
s essaae rycleldareneg Hp .sesa esr ncro eeihrdvttaeuilwlwioomHsiHsp
tnereffi dyre veva hya mseulav seitinilakla . oeselSa ytidica .
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noitaretlA segnahC ni eht lacimehc ro lacigolarenim noitisopmoc fo a kcor ,
ydbecudo rypllareneg gnirehtaew or lamrehtordyh .snoitu los
setacilisonimulA sdnuopmoC gniniatnoc ,acilis muinimula dna negyxo sa niam
.stn eu teoiestSlsanoc setacilis .
suohpromA secnatsbuS gnikcal elbatceted latsyrc erutcurts ro .redro yllausUdesu
.r e o tescteliaS anms a erge dorcoiontxeor ehfteirw larenim .
ciboreanA nA tnemnorivne o. sn eleeagS yex eotrufoh tiw ciborea .
suordyhnA . eo ts ealdetaeSsta r tdnsy iihoaxeTed noitardyh .
ylamonA ynA erutraped morf eht mron hcihw yam etacidni eht ecneserp fo
noitazilarenim ni eht gniylrednu kcordeb . nI scisyhpoeg dna
yrtsimehcoeg , nya la tee dnrry eaae tgrchernu iwheissftpeaiiobenrmgpis
.a egrnaidnuor r,urseg ren aharlt he rtwreoohlgih
n ieanroDts ecmiixLonA A enotsemil deb dengised ot eviecer d neazila rctiude inecgaaniardhtiw
nsreeuezgov iyioomx vctioyrn leigepmnvmi iimrtuoaslneorc- nneagyxo
.yrtne ehT noitaroprocni fo ciboreana snoitidnoc si ot tneverpnori
tnatlu s ee dhrnntoaitatipicerp e h ft”ognidnil b r“goniruomra enotsemil .
cixonA eeS ciboreana .
cinegoporhtnA demroF decneulfn ir o .na my b
Aqua- aiger A erutxim fo owt detartnecnoc ,sdica 1 trap cirtinONH( ) to 3 parts
3
c(irolhcordyh .sdi c)alCH
DRAtesnO ehT tsrif ecnaraeppa fo tnetsisrep cidica Hp seulav ni eganiard .
noitceteD ytivitisnes lliw dneped no eht gnirotinom )s(noitacol dna
.ycneuqerf senoZ fo evisavrep dica gnirehtaew , hti wtnacifingisDRA
noitareneg , yam rucco yllacol ro yllanretni nihtiw a ralucitrap enim
tnenopmoc prior to ARD noitceted ro tnetsisrep cidica Hp seulav
.tn igonpirot i gnetnohaimtrrucco
yassA oT enimreted eht ezis ro noitisopmoc .)breV( ehT ssam fo a latem
ndiehnt iiaawtnoc elpmas fo kcor .)nuoN( yas ssAtluser edreanimreted
y blacim e lh dacsnceaistyylla andnana aydlelsasuesrup xnei eno foeht
:stin ugniwollof ,mpp ppb, g/t or oz/t.
Attenuate ecudeR ni .edutingam snoitcudeR ni loading tluser gni morfsessecorp
ekil ,noitatipicerp noitprosba dna noitprosda . snoitcudeR ni
m otrlfu soe srnloaitartnecnoc dilution .
suonegotuAgnidnirG d oA hftoem gnidnirg kcor ( ero ) otni a r e gesnendeigiwcfrsoeaurpilop
selbbep fo eht ero gnieb dnuorg sa a gnidnirg aidem daetsni fo
lan olieten tessvlnloacb ro .sdor eeS osla ball mill dna -imes suonegotua
gnidnirg .
llifkcaB g nnd iaeyntbi amse d rd lilceoloastiviufretaM eroydob or coal deposit.
euD ot eht dednapxe emulov ylno a noitrop fo eht yllanigirdoetavacxe
sdae s eunb alcairetam backfill . oeselSa hydraulic backfill .
ll ilMlaB ylla cAi rrd onlial cydicenpo acrlheesne ithasctinhowc yslildaeiltlriafp
htiw leets sllab dna dehsurc ero dna hcihw setator tuoba sti nwo.sixa
ehT noitator sesuac eht sllab ot ,edacsac hcihw ni nrut sdnirg eht ero .
o seleaS suonegotua d na -imes suongengiodtnuiarg .
muiraB fluS ate fluS ru fluS ur that srucco sa flus eta detaicossa htiw .muirab ylevitavresnoC
d egmtn o ait rlmmnmefliue u h atstsimtessnrruheaouait ccbrncaiobsiht
.mrof mu idr easrBiu syabem kcor-elohw latnemelesesylana . enO nia
ndie ssuretemar a fpsoeires esab-dginciatnuocca . desserpxE sa.S%
4
Base Metal A lareneg mret deilppa ot ylevitaler ssel evisnepxe slatem , hcus sa
,reppoc ,cniz ,lekcin ,dael ,nit nori dna ,muin ihmcuilhaw desab notsoc
nac eb dehsiugnitsid morf suoicerpslatem ,dlog( ,revlis munitalpdna
gontidro cy .crssaat lvsa othCet mrialea kdilnlaaa ked)lhnmatauidallap
ylppus dna .dnamed nI eht t smaupnedbyl osmah neeb eroemvisnepxe
naht .revlis esaB slatem era eht ecruos fo tsom latemnoitanimatnoc
os le.a esSmelborp yvaleahtem .
noitamr oefnniIlesaB noitamrofnI derehtag roirp ot .ecnabrutsid desU ot enifedgninim-erp
.snoitidnoc
ckicsoaRB suoengI kcor y levi twaoller ni acili sdna hcir ni m,uniorsroei/ndgnaam
.muiclac enO fo a rebmun fo lacigol osemgret rof ,kcor hcus sa,cidica
ilakl adna ,cisabartlu taht ebircsed eht evitaler tnuoma fo acilis dnaeht
tnanimoderp .snoitac ehT smret od ton ylpmi eht ecneserp fo ytidicaro
.esne slacimeh ceh tn isesa beerf
Basic A mret desu ot ebircsed a retaw noitulos htiw na ssecxe foedixordyh
snoi dna a Hp eulav retaerg naht .7 eeS osla lartuen-raen dna enilakla
Hp .
kcordeB l amArr e esrndteoeisfg lsfoaosm .kcor kcordeB naceb desopxe taeht
htaen edbeir urebocafrus non- lithified materials .
Bench Height eh Tla ceictnr aentves eitwdntee cbsaejhdcaneb ni na open pit or pmud .
emh otdrefrusaeM eot efnoo hcneb ot ethst e.g renfcpioot lcesehntnoc
Bench A ylevitaler ,talf latnoziroh ,ecafrus detavele nihtiw na open pit or a
etsaw kcorpmud ro larutan .noitamrof ylnommoC derrefer ot ybsti
. hn torpioetdavele
etaicifeneB To treat an ero in order to etartnecnoc sti elbaulav latem ro larenim
tnetnoc ro esiw reevhotropmi s.tsieitreporp eh Ttnemtaer tyam ezilitua
yteirav fo .sessecorp esehT edulcni classification , citengam
,noitartnecnoc gnihsaw d na flotation . oeselSa mill d na tna lhpsaw .
noitalumuccaoiB A ssecorp fo noitartnecnoc ro noitalumucca nihtiwa doof‘ ’niahcfo
smsinagro .yll ad ueess cUuhnteir weofter contaminant slatem gnid u,lcni
Hg, d ndaC .o bs ePleaS noitartnecnocoib d na bioavailability .
yassaoiB A tset taht serusaem eht esnopser fo evil smsinagro ot lacisyhp ro
laci mseehscserts ni dellortnotcset snoitidnoc ot niag noitamrofnituoba
stcapmi ni eht gniviecer tnemnorivne . eeS osla etuca dna cinorhc
ysttisceitxot d na bioavailability .
ytilibaliavaoiB yAtrep ofrop e c anhac tisshebw ku easylm lbtli iasedislntebancaectaop
.snoitidn occificeps-et i nssodne p. ehDtla esh’msinag r notacef foat
Bioconcentration A ssecorp fo noitartnecnoc ro noitalumucca nihtiw na .msinagro yaM
. slmye s a vn, iywee aren dhclega karotalrltagob aloouatrePphlohwltec
edulcni elpmis noisuffid otni sllec ro seussit morf eht retaw nmulocro
,etartsbus ro hguorht doof .noitpmusnoc yllausU desu htiw ecnereferot
contaminant slatem taht yam ,etal ugmnuicdcualocinbi ,gH dC dna .bP
o seleaS noitprosba , noitprosda d na bioavailability .
citamilcoegoiB ehT biotic , lacigoloeg , topographic, lacigolordyh , ,lacigoloce lios dna
Conditions .em irte vsonoitidn oecso h nteigna hec hdt n,asnoitidn occitamilc
Bio-Leaching A ssecorp ni hcihw eht slatem era devlossid htiw eht dia fo.airetcab
desU ro fgnirevocer latem s morf yrotcarfer ro edarg-wolero .s eeSosla
paehhcael .
noitaidemeroiB A process to reduce contaminant slevel ni lios ro retaw gnisu
.noitate gsremovsinagroorcim
citoirBotcaF ehT ecneu ldfentirexe nopu a tatibah yb eht arolf dna anuaf tahttibahni
the area.
5
elohtsalB A deello lhri or tfd.n seeemhv etifcsoa ollppx ee helTsaoups rufuopeht
.noitava c sxgteniittim rkecpor dterb akpaa etsorsitbalb
Blending nI eht txetnoc fo ML/ARD mitigation , blending refers to the co-
noitisoped fo yllaitnetop DRA gnitarenegGAP( roFAP ) enimsetsaw
htiw slairetam htiw ssecxe noitazilartuenlaitnetop GAPN( roFAN ).
eehvTitcej bnoi blending si yllareneg ot etaerc a etisop mloaciretamni
hcihw eht dica decudorp yb eht GAP etsaw lairetam si dezilartuenyb
GAPN ,slairetam htiw a tneuq ensoniotcatipicerp fo eht ytirojam foeht
desaeler slatem sa slar eynriamdnoces .
ygtniicraepfafCuB ehT ytiliba fo a ecnatsbus ot tsiser na esaercni ro esaerced ni Hp . See
osla noitazilartuen .
noitazilart ukelNuB Static tne m y eftyroiru l oseif tahboaetarmpoa bcaal elpmas otezilartuen
laitnetoP deilpp a.dica denimrete Dyb snaem f oylevi teallpe mrliascime.hsctset
ehT gnitluser atad seod ton redisnoc eht lacigolarenim dnalatnemele
secruos ro rehto srotcaf taht thgim ecuder eht ssenevitceffe fo ehtdleif
sse n fedove ire.tu hPcsgtN eansfei e fmd yroerrut oadtcveeschceatoTrp
.d enrIe w eHsohhpilct ieohutw l ea dhvdnt iaefcmoau l dohnvtagnerts
eht ,ktesb eo atS ztz sih ee fte smtdg ndiunneieflaehm soortrouvtetsted
cHipd idceaifi cl eiap tsynlulatnemer cdnei ddsd iiascta sr.eedt hintcIoa
e.ud led anesvi hi adctnanaeir anm I esmeo sseahct dPeNni ymsbrieted
eht tnuoma fo dica deriuqer ot hcaer eht detangised Hp ,.g.e( CB
hcra edsneaR okkapaL kaew dica .)stset nI eht keboS dna ehtdeifidoM
d,e ) szeey e ihlbt rel tpnPuha em uNdtrfha doetotskimcu(ecaoebarnopS
si denimreted yb gnitartit eht detcaer noitulos htiw a gnorts esabot
enimr eethe tdtnuoma fo . gdniicnaiamer ehT t syolmnom mdoecsuklub
PN stset era eht CB ,hcraeseR keboS ro deifidoM Sobek procedures,
fnooissucs ied hots le.a edSed d sadii cganor thsci h nwsitset smynorcA .
elp mkalSuB eAgral elpmas d e yzs flid,otleknarcerdou enr qsnuredihornmfasuofhot
sennot dna detceles ni hcus a rennam sa ot eb evitatneserper foeht
lacitirc seitreporp fo eht laitnetop eroydob . kluB selpmas era desuot
yfirev ero sedarg enimret edd na lacigrullatem .scitsiretcar ahc
daehkluB A thgit noititrap fo ,doow kcor or concrete used to prevent the
ftonemevom backfill rnei traow/ den ra,i sf,ag sgnik rdonwuorgrednu .
etanobraC meuhmTixam noitazilartuen yticapac taht dluow eb elbaliava fi llaeht
laitn entooiPtazilartueN etanobrac slarenim ni eht elpmas detcaer ekil eticlac . denimreteDyb
snaem fo ylevitaler elpmis nobrac OC(PN[ ])C- ro nobrac edixoid
3
[NP(CO OC- ]) .syassa sselnU ti si detcerro ceht atad seod tonredisnoc
3 2
yg osrtlr oaao ryhrteen tecthasnaateifno cm onntb iecrer eaheffctfoffeid
thgim ecuder eht ssenevitceffe fo eht derusaem .PN nAtnatropmi
noitcerroc si rof eht noitubirtnoc fo dica-non gnizilartuen eF dna nM
setanobrac ot eht derusaem nobrac ro nobrac edixoid ,.e.i
OCgMaC(PN[ OC- )]. el erathucsTdieetlcyp olmsraiipnsa na yassa rof
3 2
.nobrac-latot nI slair egtnaimniatn occinagro ,rettam ekil ,laoc na yassa
fo latot nobrac-cinagroni si dednemmocer (NP[CO -TIC]). The
3
egatnecrep fo nobrac si deilpitlum yb 4.38 ot niatbo eht sennot
OCaC /1000 .sennot DRX ro/dna im-bus c roscopic procedures are
3
deriuqer ot enimreted eht noitubirtnoc fo eF dna nM setanobrac oteht
o. se eldeaiSx oniodb rnraoocb rdaecrusaem serude c coPirNtpats .
6
etanobraC A dnuopmoc ro laren igmniniatnoc ehtOC 2- .noi ehT tsomtnatropmi
3
etanobra cslarenim morf eht evitcepsrep fo DRA/LM era ehtlanogaxeh
setanobrac eticlac OCaC( ), dolomite [ OC(gM,aC ) ], etisengam
3 3 2
OCgM( ), etirekna [Ca( OC()eF,gM ) ], etiredis OCeF( ), etisorcodohr
3 3 2 3
OCnM( ) dna etinoshtims OCnZ( ), dna eht cisab setanobrac etihcalam
3 3
OCuC[ Cu(OH) ] dna etiruza OCuC2( Cu(OH) .) etanobraCslarenim
3 2 3 2
.snlo aier t tetaannz nia ieelom tnlhcaberi aTatrroDrreaapRttmcmAuien
.s s e sldectk anlr n nmtabu faiue uoeotds imtlstrnecaoooarlhsNpaatmci
.y t nid odngrianIciazila re tvnuiietnc e ysferefreteavano bmruaicsengam
.snoitidn ogcnizidi xroed nnuoitazilartu etn e onendivo repsenagnam
taneermAhctaC A egrahcer aera ro eganiard nisab dna lla saera taht etubirtnoc retawot
.ti ehT aera taht setubirtnoc retaw ot a ralucitrap ;esruocretaw a
.dehsretaw
muirbili ulqaEcimehC no il ta Aicnd iinhmocecih hcew hsteta rdfsrona owedirsntoracfeaveerr
era lauqe dna e hstnoitartnecno cfo stnatcaer dna stcudorp od tonegnahc
htiw .emit enO fo owt rojam lacimehc snoitidnoc gnitceffaeganiard
os l ea. eySrtsimehc kinetic effect .
epliphmCaS sAe i srfleeolcs aefmiosp kcor nekat ni a suounitno cenil ssorca a kcor
erusopxe ro t a dy.elstmlurabovifrrietntsuniid yaM osla referot elpmas
emh otnrefkat kcor demr e,tgnilli r nddietae rsctnemga rf .sgnippihc
s tysteiTc icxionTorhC A erusaem fo noitcuder ni ,htworg noitcudorper ro/dna ,tnempolevedro
eht noitatum fo na msinagro desopxe ot a tset noitulos revo adeificeps
. d eoeiS reempit yassaoib d na y tseittcsuiecxtaot .
ytic icxionTorhC A noitcuder ni ,htworg noitcudorper ro/dna ,tnempoleved ro eht
noitatu mfo na d.emssoipnxaegro c iyntoirchiCxo tsi o sdlearrefe rotsa
os le.a elSahtel-bus etucayticixot .
egania rfsDoessalC seirogetaC fo eganiardyrtsimehc . ylnommoC desab no Hp . eeSosla
yrtsimehC ciedgiacnaiard , lart ueeengnia-mnriaaernd d na enilakla eganiard .
reifissalC l agrneinsisMecorp tnempiuqetaht setarapes slarenim gnidrocca otezis
dna ,yti sgnneid d,uslecinli z,zsinrege rscesnolcyc dna rehtloacinahcem
.secived
lare nyiaMlC etacilisollyhP larenim shac u,s ,etivoc s,uemtitoib d neatitcems .etiniloak
deziS-yalC selcitraP < 2 m os l ea. erSetema i ndmi dezis-lios .
eg arteSnaelC A mre tdeilppa ot serusa edmesu ot edargpu eht etartnecnoc decudorpni
eh trehguo rdr.nesagtnieuvcarcisc ehT m rgentinae lycam osla ebdesu
rof eht sessecorp desu ot ecuder eht DRA laitnetop fo rehguor sgniliat .
sessecorP yam edulcni gnidnirger dna evitceles noitatolf fo etsawnori
sulf sedi . oeselSa flotation circuit d na rehguor d na se graetnsaelc .
sgnil iraeTnaelC Tailings detare nneig e hr)tesn(aeegla ctfso llim gnissecorp , morfrehtie
gnidargpu eht etartnecnoc ro serusaem ot ecuder eht DRA laitnetopfo
nia meht sgniliat rena e. lsCs am sgniliat hgi haeva hnetf o ARD .laitnetop
tnemga reFsraoC selcitraP osl ae e .Sretemai dn im m2> dezis-lios .
esuf eeRsraoC Coarse waste product of coal tna lhpsaw . oeselSa fine refuse .
ralloC mreT deilppa ot eht gnirebmit ro etercnoc dnuora eht pot fo a shaft .
ll i ftraorda te shetbircs eoddte souslA .eloh
nhocitticDelloC ecafrus-ra erfnofo-n uercafr utscell oodcte sluenna hecgania rAd
edulc nsi e. seUgapees noisrevid fnooitcell o,cret anwae lfco ssecorp
retaw ftonemniatn odc nnaoitcell odc na detanimatnoc .egania rd
7
muivulloC slairetaM taht dehcaer rieht tneserp snoitisop sa a tluser fo ,tcerid
decudni-yt itvnaermgevom gnivlovni on tnega fo noitatropsnart hcussa
retaw ro ,ec ihguohtla eht gni vloamiretam yam ev adheniat nroectawro
.eci yllareneG tsisnoc fo evissam ot yletaredom ,deifitarts-llew-non
sorted to poorly-sorted stnemides htiw yna egnar fo elcitrap sezismorf
.r se s ktf rdc coyeno aa dalerlaolbhactuThocb sdn etpiesd olpaeidvulloc
cifice pes hdt ndaevir esd a twhici hmwo rlfairet aem h fteorut aen hntopu
.o ds eeletaSiso p syetabdiwer eshswecorp suelpaotls .
rcoirtemiroloC sesylanA hcihw ezilitu eht pihsnoit anleeerwteb seiceps ecnabrosbaro(
cirtemiruoloC )noissimsnart ni noitulos dna seiceps noitartnecnoc trebmaL-sreeB(
.)waL yltneuqerF a seiceps s iyllanoitnetni dexelpmoc ot evigelbatius
.rebm uenv anwev i fagtohg irl osfcitsiretcara heccnabrosba
noitunimmoC os le.a eeSz ieslcitr a npnioitcudeR hs urc dna dnirg .
noitcapmoC A ssecorp gnitluser ni a noitcuder ni .emulov ehT egnahcyllacipyt
gn irfke octgdeahnihpgi ltit,o tassdede raiycolllplpa an srmteoltruxfseer
.selc itra p n s I, ee rsrnsa liiilsniufhus aoqtcense irirftg ore.earrpeotpaw
desaerc nnsiitlus enret fnooitcapm orcetaerG noitadilosnoc .
el pemtaiSsopmoC A elpmas detaerc yb gninibmoc tnereffid snoitcarf ( .)selpmasbus
.snoitac otlnereff imdo r rfsoem ittnereff i tddaetcell o ecnb ascelpmasbuS
etartnecnoC ehT tcudorp fo eht gnillim ,ssecorp dehcirne ni eht elbaulav latem or
larenim evitaler ot eht ero ; yllacipyt a enif .redwop ehT etsawtcudorp
sdaedracs iydllacip y stsiseco rnpoitartnecn oec hfto sgniliat .
rotartnecnoC A gnilli mtnalp tah tsecudorp a etartnecnoc fo eh telbaulav larenim s or
latem s gnisu sessecorp hcus sa noitadinayc dna flotation . Further
tnemtaert si deriuqer ot revocer eht erup latem . oeselSa mill .
Conductance ehT esae htiw hcihw a lairetam stimsnart na cirtcele .tnerruc Ahgih
ytivitcudnoc setacidni a noitulos htiw a hgih degrahc noi ,tnetnoca
s eym tidrteeespmuoo rso pttcet.eDdRA
noitadilosnoC A ssecorp yb hcihw ,esool tfos ro diuqil non- lithified slaireteammoceb
mrif dna .tnerehoc noitad iyllolsancoiCpy tstluser morf rethgitgnikcap
htiw retaerg elcitrap-retni noisehoc ro noitcirf dna ssel erop retaw
o s .le taerSa psaelcitr agpnidloh noitcapmoc .
Contaminant Introduced seiceps srloa ihrceitha wmer erweht iy elttsonuneosievreprp
ysatmnanimat nnfooocitcudo r. ts enthinTu ormeas stneniles eer rpreow
ekam gnihtemos cixot ro esiwrehto tifnu rof .esu ehT tsomtnatropmi
tnanimatnoc s ei cneips latemgnihcael dna dica kcoreganiard era latem
dna metalloid hc i,hswtnemele er antentefsoe rnpi e ghsrgtaunlounoema
ot evah a suoireteled tceffe no arolf dna .anuaf woleB niatrecstnuoma
tnanimatnoc seiceps rof( ,elpmaxe )stneirtun yam eb elbarised
.stneutitsno c suomynon yhStiw eht mr e.ttnatullop eeS osla suoireteled
contaminants.
tnel arveipupqoEC e ugelnhaitvtr ed veyntboacl ue c ufeel llohrae aatocrfetvuoho sttAaem
( edarG ) fo th nceealuebtaiut lsoantvoc y le tlnnbaea luealdvaaivrugqe fo.reppoc
A evitalumuc yassa tnelaviuqe ro edarg devired nehw rehtocimonoce
stneutitsnoc era tneserp ni noitidda ot .reppoc ehT alumrof desuot
trevnoc rehto seiceps snoitartnecnoc otni a reppoc edarg rof(,elpmaxe
.srot csaufor e emovu ti n%tu1 iC =s )nts1ue/iAsg
g oeLroC A lausiv noitpircsed fo eht lacigoloeg rof( ,elpmaxe kcor ,epyt
,nyogiotlaarreetnliam dna serutcurts ) dna cimonoce rof( ,elpmaxe,epyt
feoerg edd nealyts fsocitsiretcara h)cnoitazilarenim lelriorcd .
8
eroC ehT gnol lacirdnily ceceip fo ,kcor tuoba 01-5 mc ro erom ni,retemaid
.gnillir ddnomai dy bderevocer
kycrotRnuoC A mr edteilppa ot skcor de d uyrbtn ina suoengi noisurtni rognidnuorrus
a ltairseonpiemd .
tucssorC A latno zginrionhep onevird morf a shaft or drift ta thgir selgna oteht
.noitam rko cfnerfo ikooraeivrts
noitces-ssorC A eliforp ro lacitrev noitces desu ot etartsulli lacigoloeg,noitamrofni
os l ea. egSnilli rddnoma imdo rdfeniat bnoetfo we invalp .
hsurC ecudeR ni elcitrap ezis yb gnizeeuqs ro gnicrof rednu .erusserp eeS
rehsurc dna dnirg .
rehsurC tnempiuqE rof gnicuder eht elcitrap ezis fo kcor ro rehto;slairetam
sedulcni ,yrotaryg ,waj llor dna enoc srehsurc . ylnommo Ceht tsrifpets
osl ae e .Sgnilli mni hsurc dna dnirg .
tce fefvEitalumuC ehT ecneuqesnoc fo suoenatlumis ro evisseccus stcapmi dnasnoitidda
n ig dhnae ti enair. riwrsd rafuee emoechitbodcTteiroi sr fvfcaiostecrap
evitalumuc stceffe fo a enim era eht denibmoc stceffe fo lla enim
.seitivitc agnini mll amor fdn astnenopmoc
efdfaOr-GtuC ehT tsewol edarg seif i lltt aaainiuhs ir qton edpeateevazdimigl ar efnoim
sa ero fnooitalucl aec h ntdi e. sU sevres eerro .
Cyanidation A dohtem fo gnitcartxe desopxe dlog ro revlis sniarg morf dehsurcro
ground ero yb gnivlossid ti ni a kaew noitulos fo -muidos ro-muiclac
.edina yc o snlwAo n eksdainayc gnihcael . yaM eb deirrac tuo nisknat
f ospae hn ir olli maedisni ero outdoors. See also paehhcael .
enilceD drawnwoD gnipols dnuorgrednugnikrow . sedulcnI stida dnasegassap
tnereff igdnitcennoc slevel .)s pmar(
gninoissimmoceD .nw otdu h ssnioitare pgonin ihamci h ywsbsecorP
noitalfeD ehT lavomer fo dnas dna dezis-tlis selcitrap morf detadilosnocnu
.noisor edni w;noitc adni wy bslairetam
r edteazWinoieD yrlolacimehC sisy llaa ncdr ai eedmnsteeiuaihwf ciyrlulpacimehc-ortcele
.dets egtni esblairet ae mhfntooitanimatn odcio voat
Sl%ed Total sulf ru sunim lla rehto derusaem flus ru seiceps hcus sa sulf edi
sulf ru , total sulf eta sulf ru , dna cinagro sulf ru . ehT noitrop fo total
sulf ru ton deifitnedi yb eht erom cificeps flus ru sesylana deirrac tuoni
esab-dicagnitnuocca . detropeR ni stinu fo .S% stneserpeR srorredna
snoissimo ni stnemerusaem fo flus ru .seiceps sihT thgim edulcni
oiht flus seta ro latnemele flus .ru nI eht ecnesba fo rehtruf
noitaziretcarahc siht noitcarf dluohs eb ylevitavresnoc demussa oteb
gnitareneg-dica sulf edi sulf ru .
tnani msautoniorCeteleD .ecnamrofr e rpyotila u nqnioitcud eearsu ahcci hsweice ptsnanimatnoC
tif neusiwreh t rocoix ogtnihtem oesk aym asmtnanimatn oscuoireteleD
nsitnanimatn otcnatrop mt is .oe e mhsrTuof latemgnihcael d na dica
ega nkicaorrd era latem d na metalloid tnese rnpet fe orhaci h,wstneme le
.anu ad fnaaro lntfocef fseuoirete l eeavd aoshttnuo mhaguo neegr anli
o seleaS cinorhc dna et uyctaici.xsottset
eD flus deziru ylnommoc (lairetaM sgniliat t) sadahahth ruflus .devo mer
tnempoleveD kroW deirrac tuo rof eht esoprup fo gninepo pu ro gnisopxe a larenim
.tisoped sedulcnI eht lavomer fo non- lithified material , kcor
nedrubrevo agnikni s, shaft .gnisi adr nganipm a,rgnitfi r,dgnittucsso r,c
gniretaweD ehT ssecorp fo gnivomer retaw morf na dnuorgrednu enim or open pit ,
gnidnuor rem uhorstrof kcor or non- lithified materials . emhr Tesotisla
ylnommoc desu rof eht noitcuder fo retaw tnetnoc ni ,setartnecnoc
tnemtae rdt nsagniliat .segduls
9
lli rdDnomaiD A yrator epyt fo kcor llird ni hcihw gnittuc si enod yb noisarbarehtar
nah t.noissucrep ehT gnittuc tib si tes htiw sdnomaid dna si dehcattaot
eht dne fo gnol wolloh sdor hguorht hcihw retaw si depmup oteht
gnittuc .ecaf ehT llird stuc a eroc fo kcor taht si derevocer nignol
o w,tsnoitc elsacirdnilyc .retema inedir orsmoertemitnec
Digestion ehT ssecorp fo gnivlossid dna gnikaerb nwod lacim eshdcnuopmocdna
slarenim .no iet eusSlu o oos etnunaqia aqua aiger .
noituliD oT hsinimid eht noitartnecnoc yb gnixim eno ssam htiw .rehtona roF
,elpmaxe eht gnixim fo eno wolf fo retaw htiw rehtona wolf ot niatboa
s . sdnseeo io csistoutirahprTtne csnuoo ceeutqaaide m hrw teonitlawnfi
ecuder eht noitartnecnoc fo slatem ro rehto yllaitnetop suoireteled
stnanimatnoc d .enwtioa lreft h neterconmoc Dilution eycb ael k pyaatm
nois u.f nfdoinidasrep ss nim o dseitidsnnurealelhcpucnsbewiirmoDultf
.sek a nlginix idmetaren edgn idw nsatnerr u rc,okee r rcroev inari
Dip h c eaitl hagewnhaT erutcurts or kcor latnozi rem ohodhtrefni l dcsenibi
.ena llpacitr ee v hndt ineakir te s hosttelg ntahg itdraerusa esma
sti meigLrahcsiD sno iftoart neelcb namo wuceomhliTlxaam stnanimatnoc ro/dsneamulov
.eca lepk ayt asmegrahcs ihdci hrwed nsunoitid n. oeCgrahcs ifdo
noitulossiD sev ln roi ydes. bits dseltiai sroadue eesmq h,chiTeowl lrerpphomtFaxe
gnivlossid fo enotsemi lmuiclac( etanobrac ) ni niar dna retawdnuorg .
o seleaS ytilibulos .
nhocitsirDeviD . ntAnenopm oecn imamo ryfa wraet anwae ltcrev i oddte sluenna hAc
t nttesamoem g ttar rnnefaaatoptmarwopmi senim . oeselSa noitcelloc
ditch .
yrtsim eehgCaniarD ehT snoitartnecnoc fo devlossid stnenopmoc ni ,eganiard gnidulcni
tnemele ,snoitartnecnoc lacimehc seiceps dna rehto suoeuqalacimehc
.sretemarap
eganiarD ehT rennam ni hcihw eht sretaw fo na aera tsixe dna ,evomgnidulcni
ecafrus smaerts dna retawdnuorg .syawhtap A evitcelloc mret roflla
.w orlef teaswuf f didndeatartnecnoc
nwodwarD n oAitc undier e htthgie hfo eht retaewlbat , ro a noitcude rneicafrusbus
d i,uslefrusser psa a tluser fo rehtie retawdnuorg lawardhtiw rodecuder
.tupni
tfirD lat nloaztinr oorzHoiroh-raen gdnniukorrogwrednu or adit lel l ,a nrriaop
to ero . swolloF gnola eht htgnel fo a kcor ,noitamrof sa desoppo ota
tucssorc e hstesso rhcci h,w kcor .noitamr of
er olClirD eeS eroc .
pmuD A edam-nam ,elip paeh ro noitalumucca fo nekorb ero , kcor or non-
lithified material f oseli pro fdes uylnommo cmr e .T kc oertsaw .
)e keikDy(D 1. nA htrae t ndeemlklni afrb-ome .mad 2. A ralubat ydob fo suoengi
kcor that cuts across the rock erutcurts or cuts evissam skcor .
htraE 1. cinag ro nI non- lithified material . 2. . neov i eltwena lep hT
ygolocE ehT yduts fo spihsnoitaler neewteb smsinagro dna rieht tnemnorivne .
sltancei mgepodoluloleccvEnei d, neohitt chutdwoorrtgni dna egnahcni
tnalp dna lamina .stnatibahni eeS osla biotic factors , metsysoce dna
citamilcoegosinboitidnoc .
metsysocE A ytinummoc fo smsinagr odna ri eehtt a,ildae cmlimasicyihmpehcdna
lacigoloib tnemnorivne .
10