Global Catastrophes in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality

644 Pages·1991·77.648 MB·English

by  Virgil L. Sharpton, Peter D. Ward

GlobaClat aspthreoisnE artHihts oyr;
AnI ntercdpiilnsiayrC onjerenocne
Impacst,V oclasnm,ia ndMa ssM ortlayi t
Editbedy
VirgLi.Sl h arpton
Lunaarn dP lanetInsatriyt ute
3303NA SA Road1
HoustoTne,x a7s7 058
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DepartmoefnG te ologiSccaile nces
and
ThomaBsu rkMeu seum
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1990
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ISBN0 -8317-2247-0
l.E xtinc(tBiioonl ogy)-esCsoensg2.r. C retaceous/Tertiary
boundary-Cong3r.esV soelsca nism-Congr4e.ssI esm.p acts­
-CongressIe.Ss h.a rptVoinr,gL i.l I IW.a rdP,e tDeoru glas,
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Front,
craofnit tw sa yt ot hmeoo nA. poll1o7f raAmSe7I - 148-22727.
Hallceoym'eNstA .S AE T-2p4a6g,1e 6 . Back,
10 9 8 7 s6 4 3
2
ll
Contesn t
Preface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dedciation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
I.P atteornfMs a ssM ortalMiodteyl:sO ,v ervianedw Hsy,po theses
1.T he' 'fa"co tfms asesx tinctions
KarWl.
Fles.5a
Periodiicnflio tyo bd astsa,lm asesx tincandt iiompansc,ts ;
2.
A statistvicieawland a model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RichaBr.Sd t othaenrdMs i cha.R e.Rl a mpino
3.O n impacts aacaus se ofg eomagnefiteildrc e verosrfloa olsd
basalts 19
DaviE.d..L . o.pe..ra. n..dK. e..v.i.Mn.c. C.a..r.t.n..e.y. ...........................................
4.Impa ct asa general cauosfee xtcitniAof nea:s ityb itlies.t . . . . . . . . 2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DaviMd. R aup
5.T heta xonomsitcr ucotfpeu rrieo deicx tinct. io.n . . . . . . . . . .3 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.J ohSne pkosJkri., .
6.I riduima bundapnactet earcnsr obsiso -ehvoernitzi onn s
thfeos srilec ord 45
. .. .
C.J .O rthM,.A .t.t.r.J.e.rp.a.,.n,. .d L. ..R. ..Q .u.i..n.t.a...n..a.. ......... .......... . . . . . . . . . . .
7.C arbont-oispeoa nomiaelaste rbao undarGiloesb;a l
catapshterason dt heuilrt imcaatusee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KenneJt.Hsh iia ndJ udiAt.hM cKenz. ie
Chondritmiecta tlo xiacsia tys eesdt okcikmll ec hanism
8.
ini mpact-causmeadse sx tinctions 71
. .
StewaAr.Dt a venporTtho,m aJs.W d..o.w.i.a.D.k.a,.n .i.D.e..l.J. . o.n. .es.,. . . . . . . . . . . ............
andP atriWcdioaw iak
l1l
Contents
IV
9.E ffects ofg lobala tmosphepericr turbaotnif oorness t
ecoyssteinm s NothrerTnempe rateZ onPre; edictions
the
ofs easodenparles sedt-emperatkurilmelec hanismbsio,m ass
production, and wildlifes oote missions. . . . . . . . . . . . .7 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RichaWr.dT inuasn dD aviJd.R oddy.
10.A sear/cohNre m£Sis;C urrtse tantuasn dr evieowfh istory. . . . . . . . 8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S.P erlmuRt.tAe .rM ,u llCe.rR ,.P ennypacCk.Ke .rS ,m it. h,
L.P .W angS,. W hitaen,dH .S .Y ang
11.I nterdpislciiynas apecrts ofr eseaornic mpha ctsa ndm ass
extcitnionAs pe;r sonvaile w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WaltAelrv arez .
IIC.a tastrEoffpehciotcfsV olcanOibssme:r vaantdi Hoypontsh eses
12.A ssessmoefn ta tmospheimrpaicc to fv olcaneirpcut ions. . . . . . . . 99. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the
HaralSdiugru rdswn .
13.I riiduma ndo thterra ce-emnertmiaeclnh ts from
Hawaiiavno kano.e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. l. l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.L .F innegTa.Ln ..,M illaenrdW, . H .Z oller
14.Dec can volcanism, greenho uswarming,e and
the
Cretacseo/ueTrtyiabo rundayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l
KenneGt.hC aldeainrdMa i ch.a Re.Rl a mpino
15.A paradigfmor e ndeongoucauss atoifom na sesx tinct.i o.n s. . . . . . 1.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KeviMnc CartnAelya,Rn . H uffmana,n dM ariaTnr edou. x
16.E xplosivvoel canaisnmda ssoctiaepdr essuIrmpelsit;cia ons
form odeolsfendogeni caUy shocked quart.z . . . . . . . . . . .1 93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S.L .d eS ilvJa.A, .W olffa,n dV .L .S harpton
Observaantdi Eoffnesc otfsL arge-SMceatleeo rIimtpea ct
ID.
17.Imp acta ndi tsr evolountairyi mplicatiofnosrg eology . . . . . . . . . .1 47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UrsuBl.aM arvin .
18.A steroaidn dc om.efltuxin thnee ibgohrhoodo fE arth. . . . . . . . 1.5 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EugenMe.S hoemakeRru,t Fh. W olfaen,d C arolSy.S.n h oemaker
1.9 Thec ometaryimpa ctorfl uxa tth eE arth 171
PauRl. W eissman
20.A pplicaotfith oein n nSoelarr Systecmr aterrecinogrt do the
Earth 181
Nadi.Gn. ..eB. .a.r.l. .o.w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.Se arcfhor t hTeu ngusekvae rnetli icnst hAen tarctsincwo
andn ewe stimaotft ihoceno smiircid iaucmc rertaiotne. . . . . . . 1. 8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RobeRroctc hiPah,i liBpopen tCee,l estJienhea nno, .
EriRco biMna,r tidneAe n gelainsdD, a niBeocll et
Contents v
22.T hef ormatiofot nh Reie sC ratWeers,tGe rmanEyv;id ence
ofa tmospheinrtiecr acdtuiroinansl g a rcgrea tering
even..t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HortEo.Nn e wsoGmu,n tGhrearu Dpa,v iAd.Is eri,
JohWn. G eissamnaKdnl ,a Kuesi l
23.Geo logy, geophysaicnsdg, eochronoloofgyt hMea nsoinmp act
structur..e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JacBk.H artuMnigc,hJ a.Ke uln akn,Rd a ymoRn.Ad n derson
24.C ometsa nde xtincCtaiuosanens ;deff ect?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LubomiFr.J anMsaar,i e-APuiberrayrn,ed
Felix M. Gradstein
25. Kara/sUt-Katrwainim pacts tructAu larreg;e -scale
The
impacetv einn t lateCr etaceous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the
ChrisKtoeibearnlV ,i rLg.Si hla rpTt.Mo anr,Hk a rrison,
DaviSda ndwAe.Vl .lM, u raalniKd,e vBiunr ke
26.Pr olonggelodb acla tastrofrpohmeo sb liqiumpaec ts. . . . . . . . . .2 3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PetHe.Sr c hualntDdzo naEl.Gd a ult
27.G lobeanlv ironmeeffnectatslo fi mpact-getedn earearosols;
Resufrltso ma g enecriraclulatio n model. . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CurCto veSyt,e vJe.Gn h aJno,h Jn.W altaonnd,
PauRl.W eissman
28.A tmopshercihce mtisrbyy la rgiemp act.s. . . . . . . . . . . . .2 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KevJi.nZ ahnle
29.A tmospheerriocs aiondn imp actorre tteionni nla rgiempa cts,w ith
application tom asesx tinctio..n s. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AnnM .V ickaenrHdy .J aMye losh
IV.T heK ITB oundary:T heG eologiRce cord
30.M eteoriitmpea cct,r pytoexopslioan,n ds hocmke tamorphism;
A peprsectiovnet heev idenacte KITbo undary. . . . . . . . . . .3 01. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the
V.L .S harpatnoRdn. A.GFr.i eve
31.C hemistrayn dm ineralaocgyr ossC retacTeoeursty/ia r
the
boundaatryD SDPS it52e7 W, alvRisid geSo,u th
AtlantiOcce an .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AlaRn.H uffmanJ,a mesH .C rockeNte,v iLl.Cla er ter,
PetEe.Br o realnlCdah ,a rBl.Oes ffi cer
32.S hockqedu aratnzdm orIemp;a csti gnatiunCrr eetasc eous/
Tertiarybo undayrc lays.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BruFc.eB ohor
33.A closloeorka tca thodou/mniesceonfsc heo ckqedua rtz
at KITb oundary .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the
MichRa.eO lw enM,a rHk.A ndeArpsr,Ai .lB arber,
PetDe.Cr o ndoann,Md a rGk. H aughton
Contents
VI
34. Detriint KuITsb ouanyrdc laoyfsw estNeornr tAhme ri;c a
Evidenacgea ians sitn golcee ainmipacc t. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V.L .S harpBt.Co .nS ,c hurKa.yB tuzr,kA e.V, .M urali,
anGd. R yder
35.T hes ignificoafnm caeg nestphiecr oainddsm agnefseriroite
occurirni nTKgb I ouandrsye dime.n. ts . . . . . . . . . . . .3 5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
StanMl.eC yi sowski
36.T rcae-elegmeeocnhte myisa tnrdm ineraolfto hgyC er ectaeous/
Tertiaybr ounyda;rI denfitciationof ex traterrestrial
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................3..6..7 ..................
EriDcoe hnaen Sdt anVl.Me ayr golis
37.E aryel nvironmeffecentstao lft htee rimnaClrt eaceous
impac.t. ......... .. ... . ... . ... ........3.83. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..................
IaGiinl moWuern,dS y.W olbaacnhEd,d waArndd ers
38.M ajowrildfires atth eCr etacueosT/ertiayrb ounyda r...............3.91. .............
WendSy.W olbaIcahGi,in l moaunrEd,d waArndd ers
39.D eccavno lcanaisttm h Cree taceoTuesr/tiabryo uanrdy;
Dataan di nfere.n. ces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
V.C ourtDi.lV laontd,a mJm.Be es,s Je., JJa.e ger,
anMd .J avoy
40.Bo undarieAs s;t ratigarnadspe hidimce notgoilc
perpsecti..v e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JoanBnoeu rgeois
41.D iachroneoxutsinc tiaottns h KeI Tb oudanryA; scenario 417
HanJso rgHeann sen
V.T heK ITB oundarTyh:eB iologRieccaolr d
42.T heC rteaceoTuerst/ieaxrtyi ncitino nmtsah rein ree alm;
A 199p0 erpsectiv.e. . . . . . . . ...................... .. ... . .4.2.5 . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .
PetDeoru gWlaarsd
43.M ega.florcahla nagcer otshsCe re taceToeurst/iabroyu nyda r
in ntohret hGerrne Palati nasn dRo ckMyo untainUs..,S A... . . . . . . 4.3 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KirRk.J ohnasnoLdne Jo. H ickey
Plantm ircoofssreciolr do fth et ermiCnraelt aceevoeunst
44.
int hwee stUenrni teStadt esa ndC anada .. . . . . . . . . . .44 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DougJl.Na isc haonlRds .F arlFelye ming
45.P aloynflorraels pontsoe KbIoTnu dareyv enAts t;r ansyi tor
inteprtriuwointh iand ynamiscys tem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.R .S weet,D. R.B ramaannd, Lerbekmo
J. F.
46.F aunaetr onsaitao ndCa C03e venitns etahyre l
Tertiyea arstTeertnh y.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GerKteal lCehra,iB me njaMmoirndie,Mc haagia ritz,
anSdh imMoons hkovitz
Contents
vu
47.L atCer ecteoause-arlEyo cemnaes esx tincitnti hoen s
deespe a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ellen Thomas
48.T heeff ectosfb ioturbaactrioaosb nsi osttirgparhaicya ll
complheitgseho uthern latitCurdeeta cueos/eTrtyi ar
bouanrdy. ................................................................4 97
JamesJ .P ospiSchhearlw,Wood . W ise,J rF.r,a Anska ro,
anNdo rmHaanm ilton
49.E xitnctpiaotnt oefrnI n ocera(muBsi valbvaias)eo dn
shefrlla gmebniots tratigraphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 0.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KenneGt.Mh a cLeaondPd e tDe.rW ard
50.A revioefM wa astritciahna mmoniratneg e.s . . . . . . . . . . .5 1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PetDe.Wr a rd
51.Se letcievxet inocftm iaornip nlaen ktionn Ptahreta eytsh
att heen odf MeszooiEcr aA; m ultiplei nteraction
the
hypothes.i. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YvonHneer man
52.R ockrse,sl outiaonnd, rtehceo Ar rde;v ioefd we positional
constroanfi osnstvisel r tebrate aasts ethmeb lages
terreCrsettaricaeouls /Paleobgoeunanerd ye,a stern
Montanaa ndw estNeornr tDha kota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DaviEd.F astovsky
53.D ifefretniaClr teacuesoT/ertyiae rxtinctoifno onnsm arine
vertebErvaidteensfrc;oe m n ortheasMtonetarnn a. . . . . . . . . . 5.4 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.D avAirdc hiabnaLdla du Jr.Bi r yant
TheC retacTeoeurstiay/rb ouanrdiy mpahcytp othaesnids
54.
thpea leonotgoilcraelc or. d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GerKteal alneEdrn riqBuaertrae ra
VI.O thePrh anerozEoxitci nctions
55.T hee ndT-riasmsaisecsx tinectvieon.n.t . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.H allam
56.T he aTsrsiic/Jubronaudsasriiyncc ontinreonctokafsl
eastNeornr tAhm eriAcp ar;o grrepesosr .t . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P.E .O lseSn.J, .F owealnlBd,. C omet
57.E ffectso fl taeE oceinmpea cotsn p lanktofnoriacm inije.r. a . . . . . . . 5.9 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N.M acleod
58.Ge ochnrooolgy of termiEnoaclei nmpea ctAsnu; p date. . . . . . . . . 60. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the
AlessaMnodnrtoa nari
Index.. ......................... ........ ......... ....................... 617
. . .
. . . .

Preface
Oneo ft hlei vetloipeoisfscst c iendteibfiatcth er ougthhoeru atg oefc ommeanntsdp robqiunesgt iColnesa.tr hlteyh iforrs t
198h0sa bese nt hies soufcae t astreovpehanintscd mortakln­owledignetg ol ocabtaals trhoapnsho esbet e nq uenched.
mass
itpya,r ticwuiltraher glatyrot d hK eI Tbo undaAr myi.l estone Tihni vso lucmoen ttahipenees r -revpiaepewrteshd ag tr ew
three gcnoitoifto hnie sx ciitnitnegr discfiieplwldai snt ahrefry o mt hciosn ferOeftn hc7ee5 m. a nuscsruibpmtisfot rtp eudb li­
198C1o nfereonncLa er geB odyI mpahcetsl adtS nowbicartdi,o 5n8w, e rfien alalcceyp tBecaeused . oft hien terdisciplinary
Utah,s uabnsde qpuuebnlti caotfii tposrn oc eedaisGn SgAsS p e­natuofrt eh essteu dtihresee, s uvlotlaunimtbse r oianscd o pteh;i s
ciaPla per Sintcheei vse nrte,s eairnctthohn ea tuarned i bso tahb lesasniadnc gu rWshei.wl eeh avaer rantghpeead p ers
190.
causoesfg locbaatla starnomdpa hsmesso rtahlaipstr iocese ediendts oe cttihocanotsv tehrme a jtohre moesft hceo nferetnhceer,e
atab reaknecLki tpeahrcuaenl.dl ryoe fpd asp ehrasva ed dressiesnd o ato ne-tom-aopnpeio nfcg o nferepnrcees entations and
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