Table Of Contenti s e
nteractive tudent dition
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Level Red
The cover shows the Colorado
River in the Grand Canyon.
It is the primary river ofthe
American Southwest.This
forked lightning bolt shows a
large static discharge between
the dark clouds and the ground.
This red-eyed tree frog can be
found in rain forests in South
and Central America,and as far
north as Mexico.
Copyright ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without prior written permission
of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s
Education Division.Copyright ©National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society”
and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society,and their use,without prior written
permission,is strictly prohibited.
The “Science and Society”and the “Science and History”features that appear in this book were
designed and developed by TIME School Publishing,a division of TIME Magazine.TIMEand the red
border are trademarks of Time Inc.All rights reserved.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus,OH 43240-4027
ISBN:0-07-860049-9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071/055 09 08 07 06 05 04
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Contents
In Brief
C
o
n
The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 te
n
Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ts
I
Chapter 2 Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 n
B
Chapter 3 Matter and Its Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 r
i
e
Chapter 4 Atoms,Elements,and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 f
Interactions of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 5 Motion,Forces,and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Chapter 6 Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 8 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Earth’s Changing Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 10 Forces Shaping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Chapter 11 Weathering and Erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter 12 The Atmosphere in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Chapter 13 Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Beyond Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Chapter 14 Exploring Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Chapter 15 The Solar System and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Life’s Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Chapter 16 Cells—The Units of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Chapter 17 Invertebrate Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Chapter 18 Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Chapter 19 The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Chapter 20 The Role of Genes in Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Life and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Chapter 21 Ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Chapter 22 Earth’s Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
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Authors
Edward Ortleb
Science Consultant
Education Division St.Louis,MO
Washington,D.C.
Susan Leach Snyder
Alton Biggs Retired Teacher,Consultant
Retired Biology Teacher Jones Middle School
Allen High School Upper Arlington,OH
Allen,TX
Dinah Zike
Lucy Daniel, PhD Educational Consultant
Teacher/Consultant Dinah-Might Activities,Inc.
Rutherford County Schools San Antonio,TX
Rutherfordton,NC
Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD
Assistant Professor
Geoscience Department
Indiana University ofPennsylvania
Indiana,PA
Series Consultants
CONTENT
Alton J.Banks,PhD Michael A.Hoggarth,PhD Linda McGaw
Director ofthe Faculty Center Department ofLife and Science Program Coordinator
for Teaching and Learning Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies,Inc.
North Carolina State University Otterbein College Dallas,TX
Raleigh,NC Westerville,OH
Madelaine Meek
Jack Cooper Jerome A.Jackson,PhD Physics Consultant Editor
Ennis High School Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Lebanon,OH
Ennis,TX Program Director
Center for Science,Mathematics, Robert Nierste
Sandra K.Enger,PhD and Technology Education Science Department Head
Associate Director, Florida GulfCoast University Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD
Associate Professor Fort Meyers,FL Plano,TX
UAH Institute for Science Education
Huntsville,AL William C.Keel,PhD Connie Rizzo,MD,PhD
Department ofPhysics Depatment ofScience/Math
David G.Haase,PhD
and Astronomy Marymount Manhattan College
North Carolina State University University ofAlabama New York,NY
Raleigh,NC Tuscaloosa,AL
iv
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Dominic Salinas,PhD READING SAFETY
Middle School Science Supervisor
Caddo Parish Schools Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc,PhD
Shreveport,LA Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher
Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD
Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee,MA Plano,TX
St.Joseph’s College
Rensselaer,IN Barry Barto Sandra West,PhD
Special Education Teacher Department ofBiology
Carl Zorn,PhD John F.Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos
StaffScientist Manistee,MI San Marcos,TX
Jefferson Laboratory
Newport News,VA Carol A.Senf,PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS
School ofLiterature,
MATH Communication,and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson
Georgia Institute ofTechnology Pickerington Lakeview Jr.High
Michael Hopper,DEng Atlanta,GA School
Manager ofAircraft Certification Pickerington,OH
L-3 Communications Rachel Swaters-Kissinger
Greenville,TX Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
John Boise Middle School William D.Slider Middle School
Teri Willard,EdD Warsaw,MO El Paso,TX
Mathematics Curriculum Writer
Belgrade,MT Science Kit and Boreal
Laboratories
Tonawanda,NY
Reviewers
Deidre Adams William Blair Karen Curry
West Vigo Middle School Retired Teacher East Wake Middle School
West Terre Haute,IN J.Marshall Middle School Raleigh,NC
Billerica,MA Merrilville,IN
Sharla Adams
IPC Teacher Tom Bright Joanne Davis
Allen High School Concord High School Murphy High School
Allen,TX Charlotte,NC Murphy,NC
Maureen Barrett Lois Burdette Robin Dillon
Thomas E.Harrington Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Hanover Central High School
Mt.Laurel,NJ School Cedar Lake,IN
Green Bank,WV
John Barry
Seeger Jr.-Sr.High School Marcia Chackan
West Lebanon,IN Pine Crest School
Boca Raton,FL
Desiree Bishop
Environmental Studies Center Obioma Chukwu
Mobile County Public Schools J.H.Rose High School
Mobile,AL Greenville,NC
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Anthony J.DiSipio,Jr. Michael Mansour Joanne Stickney
8th Grade Science Board Member Monticello Middle School
Octorana Middle School National Middle Level Science Monticello,NY
Atglen,PA Teacher’s Association
John Page Middle School Dee Stout
Sandra Everhart Madison Heights,MI Penn State University
Dauphin/Enterprise Jr.High Schools University Park,PA
Enterprise,AL Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
William D.Slider Middle School Darcy Vetro-Ravndal
Mary Ferneau El Paso,TX Hillsborough High School
Westview Middle School Tampa,FL
Goose Creek,SC Michelle Mazeika
Karen Watkins
Whiting Middle School
Cory Fish Whiting,IN Perry Meridian Middle School
Burkholder Middle School Indianapolis,IN
Henderson,NV Joe McConnell
Clabe Webb
Speedway Jr.High School
Linda V.Forsyth Permian High School
Indianapolis,IN
Retired Teacher Ector County ISD
Merrill Middle School Odessa,TX
Sharon Mitchell
Denver,CO
William D.Slider Middle School
Alison Welch
El Paso,TX
George Gabb William D.Slider Middle School
Great Bridge Middle School El Paso,TX
Amy Morgan
Chesapeake Public Schools
Berry Middle School
Chesapeake,VA Kim Wimpey
Hoover,AL
North Gwinnett High School
Annette D’Urso Garcia Suwanee,GA
Norma Neely,EdD
Kearney Middle School
Associate Director for Regional
Commerce City,CO Kate Ziegler
Projects
Durant Road Middle School
Texas Rural Systemic Initiative
Nerma Coats Henderson Raleigh,NC
Austin,TX
Pickerington Lakeview Jr.
High School
Annette Parrott
Pickerington,OH
Lakeside High School
Lynne Huskey Atlanta,GA
Chase Middle School
Nora M.Prestinari Burchett
Forest City,NC
Saint Luke School
Maria E.Kelly McLean,VA
Principal
Nativity School Mark Sailer
Catholic Diocese ofArlington Pioneer Jr.-Sr.High School
Burke,VA Royal Center,IN
vi
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Teacher Advisory Board
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the content and design of the Student Edition.They provided valuable input in the
development of the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red.
John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples
Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School
Tucson,AZ Pickerington,OH Fort Worth,TX
Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey
Aptakisic Jr.High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr.High School
Buffalo Grove,IL Springfield,OR Navasota,TX
Roger Pratt JeffRemington
Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School
Manistique,MI Palmyra,PA
Kirtina Hile Erin Peters
Northmor Jr.High/High School Williamsburg Middle School
Galion,OH Arlington,VA
Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the design of the Student Edition.We thank these students for their hard work and
creative suggestions in making the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red student
friendly.
Jack Andrews Addison Owen
Reynoldsburg Jr.High School Davis Middle School
Reynoldsburg,OH Dublin,OH
Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick
Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School
Upper Arlington,OH Columbus,OH
Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz
Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School
Worthington,OH Dublin,OH
Kirsty Bateman
Hilliard Heritage Middle School
Hilliard,OH
Andre Brown
Spanish Emersion Academy
Columbus,OH
Chris Dundon
Heritage Middle School
Westerville,OH
The Glencoe middle school science Student
Ryan Manafee
Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI,
Monroe Middle School
Columbus,OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.
vii
Aaron Haupt
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Evans
John
Why do I need
my science book?
Before You Read
Have you ever been in class and
not understood all of what was ● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,
presented? Or, you understood and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the
everything in class, but at home, science you will be learning about.The Chapter
got stuck on how to answer a Preview will give you an idea of what you will be
question? Maybe you just learning about,and you can try the Launch Lab to
wondered when you were ever help get your brain headed in the right direction.The
going to use this stuff? Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.
● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four
These next few pages
sections.The As You Read in the margin of the first
are designed to help you
page of each section will let you know what is most
understand everything your
important in the section.It is divided into four parts.
science book can be used
What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you
for . . . besides a paperweight!
will be covering.Why It’s Important will remind you
why you are studying this in the first place! The
Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,
either from your science studies or your prior knowl-
edge.The New Vocabulary words are words that you
need to learn to understand this section.These words
will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the
section.Make a note to yourself to recognize these
words as you are reading the section.
i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page ix
Science Vocabulary Make the
following Foldable to help you
understand the vocabulary
terms in this chapter.
STEP 1 Folda vertical
As You Read sheet of notebook
paper from side to
● Headings Each section has a title side.
in large red letters,and is further
divided into blue titles and
STEP 2 Cutalong every third line of only the
small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs.
nings of some paragraphs.
To help you study,make an
outline of the headings and
subheadings.
● Margins In the margins of
STEP 3 Labeleach tab with a vocabulary
Evans your text,you will find many helpful word from the chapter.
Disc, (b)John Irnestoeugrrcaetes.aTchtiev iStcieise nhceelp O ynoluin eexpexloerrcei tshese atonpdics
Photo you are studying.MiniLabsreinforce the sci-
(t)
ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list
the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn
● Building Skills You also will find an
the definitions, write them under the tab for
Applying Math or Applying Science activity each vocabulary word.
in each chapter.This gives you extra prac-
tice using your new knowledge,and helps
prepare you for standardized tests.
● Student Resources At the end of the book
you will find Student Resourcesto help you
throughout your studies.These include
Science,Technology,and Math Skill Hand-
books,an English/Spanish Glossary,and an
Look For...
Index.Also,use your Foldablesas a resource.
It will help you organize information,and
review before a test.
● In Class Remember,you can always At the beginning of
every section.
ask your teacher to explain anything
you don’t understand.
ix
