GIS Tutorial for Health

464 Pages·034.836 MB·464\464

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Fifth Edition
Kristen S. Kurland
Wilpen L. Gorr
Cover map designed by Kristen Kurland; cover photograph courtesy of Nattika/Shutterstock.
Esri Press, 380 New York Street, Redlands, California 92373-8100
Copyright © 2014 Esri
All rights reserved. Fifth edition 2014
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Part 1: GIS benefits and map basics
Chapter 1: Introducing GIS and health applications 1
What is GIS? 1
Summary of chapters 7
Introduction to ArcGIS and map documents 12
Learning about ArcGIS 13
Tutorial 1-1: Exploring the ArcCatalog user interface 14
Tutorial 1-2: Reviewing data source types 19
Tutorial 1-3: Exploring the ArcMap user interface 22
Tutorial 1-4: Using and exporting a map 29
Learning about GIS websites 33
Tutorial 1-5: Creating and sharing map layers 33
Tutorial 1-6: Creating health maps using ArcGIS Online content 39
Tutorial 1-7: Using maps on smart phones and tablets 47
Summary 51
Assignment 1-1: Benchmark health GIS websites 52
Assignment 1-2: Create a map using GIS websites 53
Assignment 1-3: Create and upload layer packages 55
Chapter 2: Visualizing health data 57
Tutorial 2-1: Manipulating layers in a map document 58
Tutorial 2-2: Zooming to and panning health features on a map 69
Tutorial 2-3: Creating spatial bookmarks 73
Tutorial 2-4: Identifying breast cancer mortality rates and deaths by state 75
Tutorial 2-5: Selecting map features 79
Tutorial 2-6: Finding map features 86
Tutorial 2-7: Using an attribute table to select counties with high breast cancer rates 88
Tutorial 2-8: Creating a new layer of a subset of features 96
Tutorial 2-9: Creating a point map based on a definition query 98
Tutorial 2-10: Labeling major cities in Texas 101
Summary 106
Assignment 2-1: Examine male lung cancer mortality rates by state 107
Assignment 2-2: Examine male lung cancer mortality rates by county 109
vi Contents
Part 2: Preparation of map data
Chapter 3: Designing maps for a health study 111
Tutorial 3-1: Creating a choropleth map for the uninsured population in Texas 114
Tutorial 3-2: Creating a point map for the percentage of unemployed in Texas 122
Tutorial 3-3: Making a scatterplot comparing uninsured with unemployed populations 125
Tutorial 3-4: Working with layer files 128
Tutorial 3-5: Creating print layouts for a health-care study 131
Tutorial 3-6: Creating custom map layouts for multiple maps 134
Tutorial 3-7: Exporting maps 142
Tutorial 3-8: Creating multiple output pages 145
Summary 149
Assignment 3-1: Compare uninsured with minority populations in California counties 150
Assignment 3-2: Compare Texas population density with housing statistics 152
Assignment 3-3: Compare percentage in poverty with percentage unemployed 154
Chapter 4: Projecting, downloading, and using spatial data 157
World projections 160
Tutorial 4-1: Exploring map projections for a world AIDS study 161
Tutorial 4-2: Symbolizing area maps using size-graduated point markers 166
Tutorial 4-3: Creating a prevalence map using point markers 170
Country-level data and continental projections 172
Tutorial 4-4: Downloading international HIV/AIDS data 173
Tutorial 4-5: Exploring map projections for a US lung cancer study 178
Local-level spatial data 180
Tutorial 4-6: Adding and symbolizing existing map layers 180
Tutorial 4-7: Working with spatial-data formats 186
Tutorial 4-8: Creating points from x,y coordinates 191
Tutorial 4-9: Downloading USGS raster maps 195
Summary 203
Assignment 4-1: Compare world infant mortality rates with life expectancy 204
Assignment 4-2: Investigate education level and knowledge about HIV by country 206
Assignment 4-3: Compare the walkability of neighborhoods 208
Chapter 5: Downloading and preparing spatial and tabular data 211
Tutorial 5-1: Downloading spatial data from the US Census Bureau 214
Tutorial 5-2: Downloading tabular data from American FactFinder 216
Tutorial 5-3: Processing tabular data 221
Tutorial 5-4: Using ArcCatalog utilities 224
Tutorial 5-5: Joining housing and elevated blood case tables to a census tract map 231
Tutorial 5-6: Building a lead study comparison map 234
Tutorial 5-7: Showing elevated blood lead levels by tract 237
Tutorial 5-8: Showing elevated blood lead levels by municipality and neighborhood 241
Summary 246
Assignment 5-1: Map housing gross rent compared with elevated blood lead levels 247
Assignment 5-2: Map housing complaints compared with elevated blood lead levels 250
Contents vii
Chapter 6: Geocoding tabular data 253
Polygon address matching 255
Tutorial 6-1: Geocoding patients to ZIP Codes 255
Tutorial 6-2: Spatially joining patient and ZIP Code layers 261
Tutorial 6-3: Creating a choropleth map showing patient counts by ZIP Code 263
Linear address matching 265
Tutorial 6-4: Geocoding hospital addresses to streets for competitive analysis 265
Tutorial 6-5: Rematching addresses 274
Tutorial 6-6: Creating a final comparison map 284
Summary 285
Assignment 6-1: Map mammography clinics by ZIP Code compared with female population 286
Assignment 6-2: Map mammography clinics in a county by street address 288
Part 3: Spatial analysis
Chapter 7: Processing and analyzing spatial data 291
Tutorial 7-1: Preparing a study region 295
Tutorial 7-2: Making additional table and map preparations 306
Tutorial 7-3: Investigating the correlation between poverty and injuries 312
Tutorial 7-4: Investigating injuries near parks 322
Summary 327
Assignment 7-1: Conduct proximity analysis for playgrounds 328
Assignment 7-2: Map injuries near schools and convenience stores 330
Assignment 7-3: Study injury rates by neighborhood 332
Chapter 8: Transforming data using approximate methods 335
Tutorial 8-1: Aggregating block data for the elderly population to health referral regions 339
Tutorial 8-2: Apportioning poverty data to emergency medical service zones 345
Tutorial 8-3: Automating processes using ArcGIS ModelBuilder 360
Summary 369
Assignment 8-1: Map the population in emergency medical service zones 370
Assignment 8-2: Map the youth-poverty population in emergency medical service zones 372
Chapter 9: Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst for demand estimation 375
Out-of-hospital cardiac-arrest study 378
Tutorial 9-1: Processing raster-map layers 378
Tutorial 9-2: Creating a hillshade raster layer 383
Tutorial 9-3: Making a kernel-density map 385
Tutorial 9-4: Extracting raster-value points 390
Tutorial 9-5: Conducting a raster-based site-suitability study 393
Index of poverty risks 399
Tutorial 9-6: Using ArcGIS ModelBuilder to create a risk index 399
Summary 410
Assignment 9-1: Display schools and land use for locating school-based health centers 411
Assignment 9-2: Determine heart attack fatalities outside of hospitals by gender 413
viii Contents
Part 4: GIS case studies
Chapter 10: Studying food-borne-disease outbreaks 415
Case study requirements 416
Phase 1: Assemble basemaps 419
Phase 2: Trace an outbreak source 421
Phase 3: Identify affected office buildings 422
Phase 4: Assess vulnerable populations 423
Chapter 11: Forming local chapters of ACHE 425
Case study requirements 426
Phase 1: Create market analysis maps 427
Phase 2: Create territory analysis maps 429
Phase 3: Track chapter status 431
Appendix A: Task index 433
Appendix B: Data source credits 439
Appendix C: Data license agreement 447
Preface
GIS Tutorial for Health is a unique textbook for teaching geographic information
systems (GIS) to health professionals, medical residents, nursing students, and
students interested in health IT and informatics, health-care administration, and
health policy. It embeds lessons on GIS software in health-care scenarios to solve
real-world problems. The book provides students many opportunities to visual-
ize and analyze health-related data. Its health-care scenarios address substantive
issues of health care, decision support requirements for policy and planning, and
technical requirements of spatial data sources and processing.
This fifth edition of GIS Tutorial for Health includes improvements and updates
to tutorials and assignments using ArcGIS 10.2 for Desktop, as well as an intro-
duction to ArcGIS Online. It also features downloading international health data
as well as downloading raster maps from the US Geological Survey.
The book has four parts. Part 1, “GIS benefits and map basics,” is essential for
all beginning students. Part 2, “Preparation of map data,” and part 3, “Spatial
analysis,” are largely independent of each other, and you can use these chapters
in the order that best fits your needs. The fourth part, “GIS case studies,” contains
two chapters that each present a relevant case study for you to work through on
your own. Each case study has a series of requirements, input datasets, instruc-
tions on the structure required for GIS analysis, and maps and reports for you to
produce.
Chapters 1 – 9 use tutorials and assignments to explore health-care issues,
while chapters 10 and 11 involve independent case studies. Chapters 1 – 9 use the
following structure:
• Each chapter begins with a health issue or problem in a health-care sce-
nario that has a spatial component. Learning a new tool or software package
works best in the context of work that is interesting to you. So, we begin by
stating a health issue or problem that can be better understood or solved by
using GIS and, by extension, ArcGIS software.
• Each chapter follows with a conceptual section that details the solution
approach. General knowledge is often needed to understand specific steps
and workflows using GIS. This section provides knowledge and principles on
underlying GIS methods. Whenever possible, we have separated this mate-
rial into brief descriptions preceding chapter tutorials. As a result, you can
read this material before sitting down at a computer to work with ArcGIS.
• Each chapter includes a series of tutorials to carry out the solution using
ArcGIS. Each tutorial contains step-by-step exercises and corresponding
screen captures as well as user dialog boxes and resulting outputs. The steps
follow workflows that you can use in a variety of projects. “Your Turn”