Table Of ContentMESOZOIC-CENOZOIC OROGENIC BELTS
The Geological Society: Special Publication No. 4
m
MESOZOIC CENOZOIC
OROGENIC BELTS
Data for
Orogenic
Studt'es Collated and Edited by A. M. S P E N C E R
Published by the
SCOTTISH ACADEMIC PRESS
EDINBURGH for
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON 1974
Published for
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
by
SCOTTISH ACADEMIC PRESS LTD.
25 PERTH STREET, EDINBURGH EH3 5DW
First published 1974
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of Scottish Academic Press Ltd., 25 Perth Street, Edinburgh EH3 5DW.
© Copyright The Geological Society, London, 1974
SBN 7073 0047 9
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY R. B R. CLARK LTD., EDINBURGH
CONTENTS
Preface P. E. Kent ix FIJI P. Rodda 425
NEW HEBRIDES A. J. Warden and A. H. G. Mitchell 433
Index Map Showing Orogenic Segments Described xii NEW CALEDONIA J.J. Guillon 445
SOLOMON ISLANDS P. J. Coleman and B. D. Hackman 453
Introduction: The Use of the Volume A.M. Spencer xiv EAST NEW GUINEA J. Milsom 463
WEST IRIAN J.J. Hermes 475
PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO R. W. R. Rutland and 491
AlpinewHimalayan Orogens M. R. Walter
PYRENEES M. Mattauer and J. Henry 3 TAIWAN C. Biq 501
BETIC CORDILLERAS H.E. Rondeel and O. J. Simon 23 SOUTH-WEST JAPAN T. Matsumoto and T. Kimura 513
MOROCCAN RIF. Data from G. Choubert and A. Faure-Muret 37 NORTH-EAST JAPAN T. Matsuda and N. Kitamura 543
EASTERN ATLAS. Data from A. Caire 47 ALEUTIAN ARC E.H. Lathram 553
NORTHERN APENNINES J. Sestini 61 ALASKA E. H. Lathram, A Grantz, D. F. Barnes, D. A. Brew, 563
CENTRAL ALPS AND JURA MOUNTAINS D. Bernoulli, 85 A. T. Ovenshine, G. Plafker, R. L. Detterman, H. L. Foster,
H. P. Laubscher, R. Tr6mpy and E. Wenk M. Churkin, Jr., W. W. Patton, Jr., J. M. Hoare, L L. Tailleur,
W. P. Brosg~, T. P. Miller and C. L. Sainsbury
EASTERN ALPS E. R. Oxburgh 109
WESTERN CANADA J.O. Wheeler, H. A. K. Charlesworth, 591
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS K. Birkenmajer 127 J. W. H. Monger, J .E. Muller, R. A. Price, J. E. Reesor,
HELLENIDES A. G. Smith and E. M. Moores 159 J. A. Roddick and P. S. Simony
EASTERN TURKEY E.//han 187 CUBA P. H. Mattson 625
SOUTHERN IRAN : ZAGROS MOUNTAINS N.L. Falcon 199 PUERTO RICO--VIRGIN ISLANDS P.H. Mattson 639
NORTHERN IRAN : ALBORZ MOUNTAINS J. StScklin 213 LESSER ANTILLES J.F. Tomb/in 663
AFGHANISTAN-WEST PAKISTAN J. B. Auden 235 TRINIDAD J. B. Saunders 671
KARAKORUM MOUNTAINS A. Desio 255 VENEZUELAN COAST RANGES J.S. Bell 683
HIMALAYA A. Gansser 267 COLOMBIAN ANDES C.J. Campbell 705
INDO-BURMAN RANGES R. O. Brunnschweiler 279 ECUADORIAN ANDES C.J. Campbell 725
PENINSULAR THAILAND C. K. Burton 301 ANDES: ANTOFAGASTA SEGMENT (20°-25 ° S) R. W. Ro Rutland 733
SUMATRA J. A. Katili 317
BORNEO N. S. Haile 333 Other Orogens
BANDA ARCS M. G, Audley-Charles 349 WEST SPITSBERGEN OROGEN W. B. Harland and 747
SULAWESI M. G. Audley-Char/es 365 W. T. Horsfield
Circum-Pacific and Caribbean Orogens Analysis of the Data: A. M. Spencer 757
MACQUARIE-BALLENY RIDGE C. P. Summerhayes 381
NEW ZEALAND G. W. Grindley 387 Appendix The Data for Orogenic Studies Questionnaire 787
TONGA-KERMADEC-LAU M. P. Hochstein, J. C. Schofield 417
and G. G. Shot, Jr. Index 803
PREFACE
The most dramatic new discoveries about the structure of the Earth account the types of problem--of geometry and petrophysics--which
in recent years have been those arising from the investigations of the would be of critical importance in the older orogenic systems, especially
ocean floors and the deep structure of the Earth (as it now is) by geo- in those of the pre-Palaeozoic. To some extent this has proved unjusti-
physical means. For a long time, however, a much larger bulk of fiable since data of this kind are only available in exceptional cases in
information has been accumulating from the investigations of the the late orogenic belts. Nevertheless it provides a potential link for
continental masses; moreover, this information generally yields evi- future analyses of the older systems.
dence of successively earlier stages in tectonic history. It is clearly The Questionnaire was first circulated to about 40 contributors in
essential in elaborating geotectonic hypotheses to take into account all July 1968. Rapid replies were expected but their arrival proved much
the relevant evidence, and failure to do so may, in large measure, be slower than was then hoped for. These delays, plus the revision and
attributed to the difficulty of searching through an enormous bulk of re-writing of articles and drafting of diagrams (to enable uniform
literature on continental tectonics and also to the subjective way in appearance) has lead the project to take twice the original two years
which much of it appears. It therefore seemed appropriate and timely planned. A four-year gestation period during the present phase of
to make available tectonic data aiming at a convenient and essentially extremely rapid development of the Earth Sciences inevitably leads to
objective presentation. shortcomings in relating the tectonic data to the most up-to-date con-
The intention has been to compile and analyse data related to the cepts. It is regretted that it was not possible to give authors the oppor-
structure and history of selected orogenic belts throughout the world, tunity of major last-minute revisions as this would have incurred still
by inviting contributions from those familiar with the various orogenic further delay, but the volume is essentially to present data which should
regions. At the same time, to achieve maximum objectivity and com- be independent of interpretation.
parability of the contributions, it was decided to request the data by Each contribution has been reorganized in cursive form and largely
means of a carefully designed questionnaire. re-written by Dr. A. M. Spencer. He and the members of the Committee
The first part of the project, designed to highlight the methods and are conscious of the imperfections which remain despite repeated
problems of orogenic analysis, resulted in publication in 1969 of a checking and discussion of the final versions of the chapters with the
symposium volume--Time and Place in Orogeny (Special Publication various authors, but they hope that the flaws will be outweighed by
No. 3, Geol. Soc. Lond.). the advantages of having so much data on the late orogenic belts
It became evident at an early stage that the total volume of informa- collected in a single volume. The style adopted will, it is hoped, pro-
tion on the three main Phanerozoic orogenic periods would be far too vide a model for the objective description of other orogens.
large for compilation in a single operation. But since a major objective The treatment of the segments covered is less uniform than we would
was to provide historic data relevant to modern concepts of continental have wished. For a well exposed, long-studied fold belt the completion
movement derived from oceanic studies, it seemed not only desirable of the Questionnaire has been laborious and time consuming. In many
but logical to devote this volume to the Mesozoic/Tertiary orogenic other cases, however, data are deficient as a result of oceanic sub-
episodes only and this was recommended to the Council of the Geo- mergence, incomplete exposure or inadequate study. In consequence
logical Society in October 1966. These are known world-wide in more we have in some cases had to make a choice between accepting a
detail than the older belts, and consequently permit a more complete compilation seriously incomplete through no fault of the author, or
presentation. Reference is made to the structure of the Hercynian and accepting an essay article. We have regarded these alternatives as
older 'Basement Rocks' where these are involved in the later orogenic better than entirely omitting treatment of particular belts, but we are
belts, but their analysis is not attempted here. particularly grateful to those authors who accepted the quite difficult
The Questionnaire from which the present compendium was task of putting the data in fully organized form.
assembled is included as an Appendix to the volume. It took into It is a matter of regret to the Organizing Committee that the
x P R E F A C E
American Cordillera within the United States is not included in this further year on this work after he had joined their staff, loaned Miss
volume. Despite wide enquiry we were unable to locate an author or L. O. Scott to carry out the checking and proof handling after his
group of authors prepared to analyse and compile the very large departure, and made possible the use of expert draughtsmen and
amount of information available. Similarly we had hopes of a series supporting services.
of contributions from the USSR, but these have failed to materialize, Personnel involved are listed as follows:
and the post-Palaeozoic fold belts of eastern Soviet Asia are conse-
Committee members--Dr. J. F. Dewey, F. W. Dunning, W. B.
quently unrepresented.
Harland, Dr. P. E. Kent (Chairman), Dr. E. R. Oxburgh,
Among other matters, the compilation has emphasized the unsatis-
Dr. N. Rast, Professor J. Sutton, Dr. D. H. Tarling, Professor
factory nature of the current nomenclature of tectonic episodes. Some,
J. G. Ramsay.
such as Stille's 'Sub Hercynian' (surprisingly--a Cretaceous phase),
Compilation and Editing--Dr. A. M. Spencer
were unfortunate from the outset; other local names (e.g. Nevadian,
Draughtsmen--A. A. Miles, A. S. Meilak
late-Cimmerian) become less and less significant as applied in different
Sub-editing and Proof Handling--Miss L. O. Scott and members of
countries and continents, particularly when based on an assumed (and
the BP Geological Division.
often erroneous) world-wide contemporaneity of tectonic events. There
is a need for an agreed international scale for clearer communication The author of this Preface, on behalf of the Committee, has been
with better scientific objectivity. responsible for the major editorial decisions.
The Committee charged with the task of supervising this volume, We are deeply grateful to The Royal Society, The Gulf Oil Com-
and the Council of the Geological Society of London, wish to put on pany Ltd., The Burmah Oil Company Ltd. and The British Petroleum
record their deep appreciation of the very many man-hours of work Company Ltd. for financial support at the publication stage, and to
of the authors involved in answering the D.O.S. Questionnaires and The Scottish Academic Press Ltd. which, under the direction of Mr.
dealing with subsequent compilatory scripts. As readers will find, the Douglas Grant, has not only undertaken production but has also
volume includes contributions of outstanding importance for the under- assisted in financing publication.
standing of post-Palaeozoic movements. We have been able to draw This Preface should not end without recording Dr. Spencer's
on many international authorities for their wealth of knowledge and efficient and wholehearted dedication to the project over four years.
experience, and we are deeply grateful to them for their co-operation. Virtually the whole operation has been in his hands since the contribu-
We trust they will find the result justifies their labours. tions began to arrive; the Committee has been happy to leave to him
The Natural Environment Research Council provided a research not only the editing, re-writing and collating but all arrangements for
grant to Dr. Spencer for three of the four years he has spent on this drafting and correspondence with the contributors. It is appropriate
compilation, and has covered also the fairly considerable costs of that his name should appear alone on the title page.
drafting the maps and sections. The compilation could nevertheless
have foundered in the later stages as a result of the delays in obtaining P. E. KENT
the data without the help of The British Petroleum Company. BP not Chairman, Data for Orogenic Studies Committee,
only provided a generous grant, but enabled Dr. Spencer to spend a Geological Society, London.
INDEX MAP
SHOWING OROGENIC SEGMENTS DESCRIBED
I I I I I
-, . . . . . 3• . . . . . . ~ ~,. 3t). 60" 90 " 1 2 0 " 1 5 0 " 1 8 0 "
• " . .
(Z~ l::;, c ~
7S" ~ . . .
o.o" i{
E U R O P E A N - A S I A N P L A T E J
d .#!i~' 3 5
_4S o ." C e='
)34
• °o°° .:
-~o- ...- ~,~.'.:. .. " ",-,..r'-----y" ~ ~ ~ : ..... j}:.....~ii~iiiiii?ii~i;~!iii~iii~i~:: ,':~ } .,e-s3~i...
:'i,, .,~ ..'..'~,:,2 i P A C I F I C
•" :::: P H I L I P P I N E
-, ~ . ' > ' - - ~ r - - ~ . . . / :~ ,i" 31 PL,,~-~ ..,~.i:~
AFR I C A N
P I_ATE 0 • . ..~"~ " . i!iii~ : 0
• 18 :
. : '....: ...........I ~ ~ . . " ; '
: ""iii~i-..," :!i!ii...; . : . . i . L . "~4
. I N D I A N - A U S T R A L I A N ~ , 'iii,.%,.":.'". iiiiii~"
.. PLATE iii~'~!ii:. ~i"
......... .;,%,.. ~;
- . . ." . . . . . . . . ~ 23
~-4s" ....... '""""~ ~1" 1' .... .'......... ............ ] ~~,;:"i_" :"~ ;''
:~:~:~:i:~:~:~:~:~`:i:;:~:~:~:;:~:~:~:~;~:~;~. • " . , , • • . . . . . I
. l I I It""',,, i
" i ~ ~..f..;~ ~ ! . . . . . . . . . . I " ' i '
-.09 ..~ • . ' "
~OalU AN333VB-]I~VROOV~ Z~
sue~oJ O
N:lOOblO N39kF:lSS11dS /S:IM 9t' ueeqq!,eO pue o!j!Oed-uJnoJ!O
sueBoJo ,=eq:l.O
IS:IMV'IITS L~
(S og~-o0~) 1 N ~ 9 3 S SOUV VQNV80~ :SJ , / . _ / ~ I :"
VISVOV40/NV :S3QNV St, O]NI:IO8 6L
S3QNV NVI~OQV~O3 ~ VU.LYLNnS 8L
S3(~NV NVlg~OIOO 8l~ (]NV-ilYH.L I::IY-II7SNIN:Id LI.
S~ONVH ZSVOO NV'I3CIZ:IN:IA ~I~ S:IONVI::I NVINI::InB-OONI 91,
QVQINIH1 Ll~ VXV'IVLN I H £1,
$33711NV ~SS~3 0~ SNIVJ.NITOIN INNUO)IYUV)I l~r, : l l V 7 d .. . ._
O01H O18]Ad 6g NVJ.SI~Vd 31--IlOVd :
v g n 3 8£ 1S~IM-NV£SINVHD-IV £ I, ISV:I
VQVNVO NI:I]±S:IM L£ SNIVINnOIN
VNSV3Y 9£ ZI:IOB'IV :NVI:II NI:I3HJ.I:ION ZI,
NVdVC /SV] -H I~ON ~£ SOUgVZ :AN3V~UluSI nNNl I VUN/3NUHI'3I/O1RISOAVIS ] 0LLI. : 0 H,
NVdVC IS~AA-H/~OS ££ S=I(] IN:ITI=IH 6 Ek
OOV3]dlHO~V :lNINddVlM'llHIVd/ ~L£ SNIVlNnOIAIS dN'lVVI HN.LIV:Id]I:SIVVD] 8L i% °
NVlUl 1S ]M o£ SNIVINnOW 0~:i% NV38 81}"1V:3
V::l N I1"10 AA::JN ISV:: I 6 ~ VHRC ONV SdlV 3V~1N30 9 61
SONV- I S I N O I A I O ' I O S g~ S]NINN]dV Na]HZaON
VINOQ:I'IVD M:IN /_C SV31V Na] ISV3
S:IOIklg:IH N~IN 9;~ 411:1 NVDOO~O~ 8
Irld fi~ SVS~331Q~OO OI1~8 3.LV'Id
f lV3-O]OV~U]N-VgNO~ ~ S:13 N31:lXd L
O NV1V~Z A~ N £~ $ue§oJ o u e A e l e t U l H - e U ! d l V NV:DII:I:I ~ V
'~5'P
a3811 : l O S : l O S J . N 3 1 N 0 3 S O I N 3 O O U O
.O9 v ~ ") ~ !
SJ.I RV-I IN UO:ISNVEI.L
$3 DOII:I 31NV3DO-QIIN. . . . . . . . . . . .
SN:]9OI:IO DIOZON:tO-OIOZOS31N ~
.051
I , I I I I
