Table Of ContentShock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena
Zonglin Jiang
Honghui Teng
Gaseous Detonation
Physics and Its
Universal Framework
Theory
Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena
Founding Editor
Robert A. Graham
Honorary Editors
Lee Davison, Tijeras, NM, USA
Yasuyuki Horie, Santafe, NM, USA
Series Editors
Frank K. Lu, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
Naresh Thadhani, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Akihiro Sasoh, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Nagoya University,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena
The Springer book series on Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena comprises
monographs and multi-author volumes containing either original material or reviews
of subjects within the field. All states of matter are covered. Methods and results of
theoretical and experimental research and numerical simulations are included, as
are applications of these results. The books are intended for graduate-level students,
research scientists, mathematicians, and engineers. Subjects of interest include prop-
erties of materials at both the continuum and microscopic levels, physics of high rate
deformation and flow, chemically reacting flows and detonations, wave propagation
and impact phenomena.
The following list of subject areas further delineates the purview of the series.
In all cases entries in the list are to be interpreted as applying to nonlinear wave
propagation and high pressure phenomena. Development of experimental methods
is not identified specifically, being regarded as a normal part of research in all areas
of interest.
Material Properties Equation of state including chemical and phase composi-
tion, ionization, etc. Constitutive equations for inelastic deformation Fracture and
fragmentation Dielectric and magnetic properties Optical properties and radiation
transport Metallurgical effects Spectroscopy
Physics of Deformation and Flow Dislocation physics, twinning, and other
microscopic deformation mechanisms Shear banding Mesoscale effects in solids
Turbulence in fluids Microfracture and cavitation
Explosives Detonation of condensed explosives and gases Initiation and growth
of reaction Detonation wave structures Explosive materials
Wave Propagation and Impact Phenomena in Solids Shock and decompres-
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Numerical Simulation and Mathematical Theory Mathematical methods Wave
propagation codes Molecular dynamics
Applications Material modification and synthesis Military ordnance Geophysics
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materials and structures Mining
·
Zonglin Jiang Honghui Teng
Gaseous Detonation Physics
and Its Universal Framework
Theory
Zonglin Jiang Honghui Teng
State Key Laboratory of High Temperature School of Aerospace Engineering
Gas Dynamics, Institute of Mechanics Beijing Institute of Technology
Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
Beijing, China
ISSN 2197-9529 ISSN 2197-9537 (electronic)
Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena
ISBN 978-981-19-7001-6 ISBN 978-981-19-7002-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7002-3
Jointly published with Science Press
The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the
print book from: Science Press.
ISBN of the Co-Publisher’s edition: 9787030635525
Translation from the Chinese language edition: “Qi Ti Bao Hong Wu Li Ji Qi Tong Yi Kuang Jia Li Lun”
by Zonglin Jiang and Honghui Teng, © China Science Publishing & Media Ltd (Science Press) 2020.
Published by China Science Publishing & Media Ltd (Science Press). All Rights Reserved.
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Preface
Detonation wave in gases is an extremely fast combustion phenomenon that raises
both the pressure and temperature of the gaseous products behind it. The detonation
wave is also self-organized and self-sustaining. The physicochemical mechanism of
a detonation wave, known as shock-induced reaction, is totally different from the
commonly observed diffusion-dominated combustion, also known as deflagration.
Two features distinguish a detonation. The first feature is the shock-induced reaction
zone that moves rapidly at shock speeds. This rapid propagation is tied to the second
one which is the tightly coupled process between the leading shock wave and the
reaction zone.
While detonation has been a part of human existence, it was only with disastrous
explosions in coal mines that their systematic scientific study began toward the end
of the nineteenth century. Nowadays, attention is focused on applications such as
in detonation-driven propulsion, primarily arising from the high thermodynamic
efficiency as well as other attractive features such as simplicity in engine design.
Other potential applications can be thought of when rapid energy release can be
beneficial.
Theories were developed rapidly to help in the understanding of experimental
observations. The early scientific study culminated in the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ)
theory that was formulated at the beginning of the twentieth century. Later, Zeldovich,
Döring and von Neumann independently found the underlying physics of the combus-
tion initiated by a leading shock wave with a chemical reaction zone, resulting in
the ZND model. Both the CJ theory and ZND model are proposed based on steady
one-dimensional assumption which vastly simplifies the three-dimensionality of the
time-dependent complex structures consisting of the leading shock and transverse
waves. The idealized ZND model turns out to be unstable in realistic cases of chem-
ical reactions dominated by local temperature. However, a more detailed detonation
theory has not been developed yet. Reviewing the development of the detonation
theories, J. A. Fay complained that the peculiar disadvantage of detonation research
is that it was too successful at too early a date, and the quantitative explanation of the
velocity of such waves given over 50 years ago by Chapman and Jouguet has not been
improved upon but has perhaps intimidated further inquiry. John Lee commented that
v
vi Preface
although the study of detonation enjoyed early success from the development of the
CJ theory, the phenomenon is far from being well understood, and the development
of theories to predict the three-dimensional cellular structure remains a formidable
task, being essentially a problem in high-speed compressible reacting flow.
In this book, I did not present an extensive review of the literature on detona-
tion phenomenon though I have learned a great deal from researchers in the field.
What I want to do is to share our ideas and results with people who may be inter-
ested. This book is specially focused on a new detonation theory named as the
universal framework of gaseous detonation initiation and propagation, in which the
coupling relations are revealed among six key elements, including the interaction of
the nonlinear wave propagation and chemical reaction (INWPCR), hot spot initia-
tion, reaction zone acceleration, average cell size, critical initiation state and equilib-
rium propagation state. Under the guidance of the universal framework, cell bifur-
cation mechanisms and evolution patterns of detonations have been identified, and
steady subcritical and supercritical detonations have been found, which are also self-
sustainable during propagation. The universal framework breaks through the limita-
tion on conventional detonation theories basing on the steady one-dimensional flow
assumption and realizes the unified expression of detonation propagation and initia-
tion. The universal framework can be imagined in space where the six key elements
are linked with their correlation laws, presenting a vivid three-dimensional picture
for understanding detonation physics. These key elements, as defined in the universal
framework theory, are unique and interrelated and reflect the primary characteristics
of detonation propagation and initiation. Although other physical phenomena, such
as turbulence, vortices and heat transfer could also influence detonation development
more or less, the six key elements are the most basic, essential and critical ones. The
universal framework theory avoids the locality of conventional detonation theories,
embodies three-dimensional detonation fronts, and accommodates the classical deto-
nation theories, being capable of explaining the existing experimental and numerical
results. However, the universal framework is still an open theory, not closed. It can
be enhanced in the future through research.
Although there are already several nice books on detonation phenomena, this
book is a particular one enhanced with the universal framework theory by which
the detonation phenomenon is described from a viewpoint of its reality. The phys-
ical core of the universal framework is the INWPCR mechanism characterized by a
feedback loop that acts positively during detonation initiation processes and nega-
tively during cellular detonation propagation. Two fundamental processes dominated
by the INWPCR mechanism are defined as the hot spot initiation and the reaction
zone acceleration, which are not only the key elements for detonation initiation but
also the fundamental processes supporting detonation propagation. The two primary
processes are the cornerstones of the universal framework theory. Three critical states
express the important characteristics of detonation propagation and initiation. The
critical initiation state is the measure of whether or not detonation initiation takes
place, and its value depends mainly on the combustible gas mixture and its initial
thermodynamic states. The critical propagation state can be obtained by statisti-
cally averaging detonation parameters over one detonation propagation cycle and
Preface vii
is considered to be an integrated prediction of the interaction of the leading shock
wave, chemical reaction, flow expansion and transverse wave collision. The critical
propagation state can be expressed approximately with the CJ theory and the total
energy released in the chemical reaction zone is a key parameter. The average cell
size is taken as an indicator of the space–time property of the steadily propagating
detonation, dominated by both the chemical reaction rate and the ignition delay time.
The average cell size is also a critical parameter around which the detonation cell
bifurcation takes place and plays an important role in keeping a constant number of
transverse waves per unit detonation front.
My research group has been continuously working on detonation research since
2000, and more than 170 journal papers have been published so far in this field. I
owe a lot to my colleagues and graduate students because working with them is an
unusual learning process, and their intelligence and wisdom have inspired me greatly
in the understanding of detonation physics, resulting in significant progresses that
are included in this book. Professor Honghui Teng started his study on detonation
physics when he became a fourth-year undergraduate student and has published a
series of papers in authoritative journals such as the Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
Physics of Fluids and Combustion and Flame. His achievements have an important
impact on oblique detonation instability. Professor Yunfeng Liu began his work on
detonation while he was pursuing his doctorate in the Department of Mechanics
at Peking University. His work revealed the correlation between the average cell
size and the ignition delay time, which highlights an important aspect of modeling
the detonation of multiwave structures. He has also successfully simulated the stable
quasi-detonation phenomenon and this innovative achievement is beyond doubt, even
though its self-sustainment mechanism still requires further confirmation. Professor
Chun Wang proposed a half-cell rule for two-dimensional detonation propagation,
describing the adaptive property of the detonation cell. He also completed numerical
simulations of shock-induced detonation initiation in two-dimensional channels with
a wall surface of evenly-distributed obstacles, demonstrating well the existence of the
critical initiation state. Professor Zongmin Hu joined my research group much earlier
than others and had participated in detonation modeling for years. He completed a
successful simulation of the detonation reflection over a wedge and obtained the
Mach reflection with cellular structures agreeing well with experiments. The numer-
ical code he had developed laid the solid foundation as a computational platform
for follow-up research. Professor Guilai Han completed numerical simulations of
the cylindrically diverging detonation, summarized four modes of detonation cell
bifurcation and identified the mechanism underlying the cell bifurcation, with which
transverse wave generation can be explained reasonably.
This book is a translation of the book having the same title and published in
Chinese by Science Press in Beijing in May 2020. Sciences Springer suggested that
there would be more readers being able to access it if the book is published in
English. Professor Honghui Teng took this tedious work and spent several months
on the English translation. My work is mainly dedicated to Chap. 5 that had been
rewritten to express more exactly what I want to say in the chapter. I am not sure if
the English version reflects well the Chinese version because expressions in the two
viii Preface
languages are quite different, but I am sure that Prof. Teng and I have done our best
to make the English version easy to read.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Frank Lu, University of Texas at
Arlington, for his invaluable time spent in reading and proofing the manuscript of the
book. His comments made the book more readable and his effort would be appreciated
greatly. Professor Lu is widely recognized not only as a serious scholar but also an
academic strategist. The advanced hypersonic test facilities and the pressure gain
combustion he has promoted worldwide will show its significant effects on aerospace
engineering in the near future. I would also like to thank Ms. Han Zhou from Science
Press. Without her help, the translation of this book would not have been possible.
The author would also like to acknowledge all the members who have worked and
studied in the Research Group of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of
Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences for their incredible contributions. Finally,
my acknowledgment goes to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for
their sustained support of more than 20 years.
Wrote on February 22, 2022 Zonglin Jiang
and finalized on July 22, 2022 Institute of Mechanics
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 Origin and Cognition of Gaseous Detonation ................... 1
1.2 Explosion, Deflagration and Detonation Waves ................. 2
1.3 Methodology of Gaseous Detonation Research ................. 4
1.3.1 Experimental Research ............................... 4
1.3.2 Numerical Research .................................. 7
1.3.3 Detonation Theory ................................... 9
1.4 Critical Physical Phenomena of Gaseous Detonation ............. 11
1.4.1 Detonation Initiation ................................. 11
1.4.2 Wave Structure ...................................... 12
1.4.3 Detonation Quenching ................................ 13
1.4.4 Wave Evolution ...................................... 14
1.4.5 Stability of Detonation Wave .......................... 16
1.4.6 Gaseous Detonation Application ....................... 17
1.4.7 Motivation of This Book .............................. 19
References ..................................................... 20
2 Mathematical Equations and Computational Methods ............. 25
2.1 Fundamental Theories of Gaseous Detonation .................. 25
2.1.1 Basic Equations ...................................... 26
2.1.2 Rayleigh Lines and Hugoniot Curves ................... 27
2.1.3 Chapman–Jouguet Theory ............................. 30
2.1.4 CJ Detonation Speed ................................. 33
2.2 Chemical Reaction Models .................................. 34
2.2.1 One-Step Irreversible Heat Release Model ............... 36
2.2.2 Two-Step Induction-Reaction Model .................... 36
2.2.3 Detailed Chemical Reaction Model ..................... 38
2.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods ....................... 40
2.3.1 Governing Equations ................................. 40
2.3.2 Computational Methods ............................... 43
2.3.3 Acceleration Technologies of Detonation Simulation ...... 46
ix
