Table Of ContentG is for Genes
Understanding Children’s Worlds
Series Editor: Judy Dunn
The study of children’s development can have a profound influence on how children are
broughtup,caredforandeducated.Manypsychologistsarguethat,evenifourknowledge
is incomplete, we have a responsibility to attempt to help those concerned with the care,
educationandstudyofchildrenbymakingwhatweknowavailabletothem.Thecentral
aimofthisseriesistoencouragedevelopmentalpsychologiststosetoutthefindingsandthe
implications of their research for others – teachers, doctors, social workers, students and
fellowresearchers – whoseworkinvolvesthecare,educationandstudyofyoungchildren
andtheirfamilies.Theinformationandtheideasthathavegrownfromrecentresearchform
animportantresourcewhichshouldbeavailabletothem.Thisseriesprovidesanopportunity
forpsychologiststopresenttheirworkinawaythatisinteresting,intelligibleandsubstantial,
andtodiscusswhatitsconsequencesmaybeforthosewhocarefor,andteachchildren:notto
offersimpleprescriptiveadvicetootherprofessionals,buttomakeimportantandinnovative
researchaccessibletothem.
ChildrenDoingMathematics
TerezinhaNunesandPeterBryant
ChildrenandEmotion
PaulL.Harris
BullyingatSchool
DanOlweus
HowChildrenThinkandLearn,SecondEdition
DavidWood
MakingDecisionsaboutChildren,SecondEdition
H.RudolphSchaffer
Children’sTalkinCommunitiesandClassrooms
LynneVernon-Feagans
ChildrenandPoliticalViolence
EdCairns
TheWorkoftheImagination
PaulHarris
ChildreninChangingFamilies
JanPryorandBryanRodgers
YoungChildrenLearning
BarbaraTizardandMartinHughes
Children’sFriendships
JudyDunn
HowChildrenDevelopSocialUnderstanding
JeremyCarpendaleandCharlieLewis
Children’sReadingandSpelling:BeyondtheFirstSteps
TerezinhaNunesandPeterBryant
ChildrenandPlay
PeterK.Smith
PeerGroupsandChildren’sDevelopment
ChristineHowe
ChildrenandSocialExclusion:Morality,Prejudice,andGroupIdentity
MelanieKillenandAdamRutland
GisforGenes:TheImpactofGeneticsonEducationandAchievement
KathrynAsburyandRobertPlomin
NotYetPublished:
ChildrenandLying
KangLeeandVictoriaTalwar
Children’sMemory
GabriellePrincipe,StephenCeci,andMaggieBruck
G is for Genes
The Impact of Genetics
on Education and
Achievement
Kathryn Asbury and Robert Plomin
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Asbury,Kathryn.
Gisforgenes:theimpactofgeneticsoneducationandachievement/KathrynAsbury
andRobertPlomin.
pagescm.–(Understandingchildren’sworlds;13)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-48278-0(hardback)–ISBN978-1-118-48281-0(paperback)
1.Learningability–Geneticaspects. 2.Academicachievement. 3.Behaviorgenetics.
I.Plomin,Robert,1948– II.Title.
LB1134.A832013
370.15(cid:2)23–dc23
2013017491
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For the TEDS families, with thanks
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VartanGregorian
Contents
Acknowledgements xi
Part One In Theory 1
Chapter1 Genetics,Schools,andLearning 3
TheAimsandAssumptionsofEducation 4
DiverseOpportunitiestoDrawOut
IndividualPotential 8
DNAintheClassroom 10
InSummary. . . 11
Chapter2 HowWeKnowWhatWeKnow 14
Twins:ANaturalExperiment 15
DNASequencing 18
Chapter3 The3Rs:Reading,wRiting. . . 22
FromDNAtoABC 24
EnvironmentalInfluencesonReadingAbility 31
StrugglingReaders 34
TheGeneticsofWritingAbility 38
Chapter4 . . . and’Rithmetic 42
So,WhyareSomePeopleBetteratMath
thanOthers? 43
viii Contents
HowdoesNurtureAffectMathematical
Ability? 52
Chapter5 PhysicalEducation:Who,What,Why,
Where,andHow? 57
Genes,Sports,andSmoking 62
Obesity,Genes,andEnvironment 64
TheHeritabilityofFitness 67
GymClassHeroes 69
InSummary. . . 74
Chapter6 Science:ADifferentWayofThinking? 78
DifferencesBetweentheSexes 85
InSummary. . . 87
Chapter7 HowdoIQandMotivationFitIn? 89
IQ+Genetics=Controversy(and
Name-calling) 95
Self-ConfidenceandMotivation 98
ImprovingConfidenceandCognitioninthe
Classroom 100
Chapter8 SpecialEducationalNeeds:Ideasand
Inspiration 105
TheExpansionofSpecialEducationalNeeds 110
PersonalizedLearninginAction 113
InSummary. . . 114
Chapter9 ‘‘Clones’’intheClassroom 115
PositivityandAchievement 122
ClonesintheClassroom 122
Chapter10 MindtheGap:SocialStatusandSchool
Quality 126
LowSES:WhatDoesItLookLike? 129
WhatDoestheHeritabilityofSESMean? 133
SchoolQuality 136
Description:G is for Genes shows how a dialogue between geneticists and educationalists can have beneficial results for the education of all children—and can also benefit schools, teachers, and society at large. Draws on behavioral genetic research from around the world, including the UK-based Twins’ Early