Future NATO Security: Addressing the Challenges of Evolving Security and Information Sharing Systems and Architectures (NATO Science Series: Science & Technology Policy)

166 Pages·2004·9.55 MB·English

by  Martin Edmonds

FUTURE NATO SECURITY
NATO Science Series
A series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science
Programme.
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The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI
Series.
The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists
of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally
supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other
types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the
results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and
scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.
Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest
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Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and
identification of directions for future action.
As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO
Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please
consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the series, as well
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Series V: Science and Technology Policy - Vol. 40 ISSN 1387-6708
Future NATO Security
Addressing the Challenges of Evolving Security and
Information Sharing Systems and Architectures
Edited by
Martin Edmonds
Centre for Defence and International Security Studies,
Lancaster University, UK
and
Oldrich Cerny
Institute for Security Studies, Prague, Czech Republic
IOS
Press
Ohmsha
Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Future NATO Security
8-10 March 2003
Prague, Czech Republic
© 2004, IOS Press
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher.
ISBN 1 58603 392 1 (IOS Press)
ISBN 4 274 90630 2 C3040 (Ohmsha)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2003113474
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V
Preface and Acknowledgements
The workshop was the result of a meeting in July 2002, between the NOS, International
Staff members, and outside specialists, on the role of NATO, in addressing emerging trans-
national terrorist threats, following the New York Twin Towers and Pentagon attacks on
September 11,2001.
Olda Cerny and Martin Edmonds soon joined as Co-Directors. Bruce Jones developed
the proposal and produced a comprehensive subject and speaker programme. Over one
hundred suitable participants were identified and contacted, of whom some forty took part,
providing a wide spectrum of senior operational contributions from, amongst others, the
FBI, Europol, and the London Metropolitan Police, up to multilateral ambassadorial level.
Vilemov Castle could not have provided a more conducive venue for discussion, nor could
its Director Vladimira Rubinsteinova and her staff have been more helpful. All the
participants, whether housed within the castle grounds or the nearby village, were most
complimentary about the level of comfort and standard of catering.
The workshop structure was set out to NATO in the proposal. Day one was open to all
participants, whereas day two was restricted to participants from NATO member states
only. The programme was sequential with participants invited to address each session with
a sub-topic selected from a list of relevant themes. Each contributor made a short
intervention and this was followed by open discussion. The proceedings and discussions
were professionally recorded on audio tape, as well as noted in writing by three
rapporteurs. The speakers also provided a hard copy of their presentations or copies of
their slides from overhead Power Point presentations.
NATO has years of intellectual and practical international security investment and is
committed to addressing the new threats, including that of transnational terrorism, under the
1999 New Strategic Concept. Through the legacy of Cold War functions and responses,
however, some mechanisms can be inhibited and lack the necessary innovation to operate
as effectively as they should, especially in pressing current circumstances. In particular the
lack of working experience between military forces and domestic policing when addressing
transnational terrorist and other threats to today's society became evident and demanded a
fresh approach and novel, innovative ideas within NATO circles to compensate.
It was recommended unanimously under the NATO Prague Partnership Action Plan
against Terrorism, sections 16.1.2, 16.1.4 and 16.2.1 that:
1. The 'Vilemov Group' should reconvene again in 2003 with an agenda of further
deliverables and objectives.
2. A NATO Core Advisory Group on NATO Future Security should convene in
Brussels later in the year. It should provide a scientific method for the development
of new concepts, focusing on processes for NATO to better achieve convergence
between security means and ends. Making use possibly of the Long-Term Scientific
Study (LTSS) format, it should address security-related issues such as redefining
terminology, surveys, audit and identification of NATO centres, resources, assets
and agencies, and external groups, including NGOs.
To help ensure that the Vilemov process of exchange and dialogue continues, it was agreed
that e-mail bulletins and updates amongst the participants should be continued more
regularly and formally. It is urged strongly through the Scientific Affairs Division that the
Secretary General's Office be asked to endorse and agree the implementation of the
vi
recommendations, and enable the process started at Vilemov, to continue its momentum
and move forward the key issue of NATO Future Security.
No Advanced Research Workshop involving participants from over fifteen different
countries could ever succeed without the dedication and effort of a number of people. For
the preparation of the Workshop and for inviting a very select number of experts in the
field, the Organiser and Co-Directors are indebted to Chris Donnelly and a number of his
interns, but especially Michael Simm and Barry Adams. For ensuring all the necessary
logistics for the Workshop were in place at Vilemov Castle, and for making sure that the
participants were well looked after, a deep debt of gratitude is owed to Vladimira
Rubinsteinova, the Vilemov Castle Manager, her thoughtful and considerate staff, and the
caterers.
For helping in the preparation of the Workshop from both intellectual and procedural
perspectives, and for their constant encouragement, the Directors owe especial thanks to
Chris Donnelly and Fernando Carvalho Rodrigues, and their respective secretarial staff,
Rosemary Cameron and Liz Cowan, before and during the Workshop, and subsequently.
For their invaluable help in the preparation of this volume, the Editors wish to record
their particular thanks to the three Rapporteurs at the Workshop, Jack Wishart, Pauline
Elliott and Barry Adams for their accounts of the discussions, to Lesley Brier for her
detailed transcription of the audio tapes, and to Corbin Miller and Pauline Elliott for their
help with proofreading and copy-editing the final manuscript.
Martin Edmonds and Olda Cerny
vii
Introduction
For over forty years, NATO has been the corner-stone of European security, a regional
defensive alliance that linked the forces of North America to those of Europe in the face of
a military threat from the former Soviet Union and its Warsaw Treaty allies. The demise of
the Warsaw Treaty, soon followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union radically altered the
perception of the threat, though Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which stipulated that
an attack on any one member would be treated as an attack on all, remained very much in
force. It was the basis upon which forces assigned to NATO became engaged in operations
in the Balkans. But the event that radically altered both the perception of threat and raised
the issue of the security of NATO members was the Al Quaeda terrorist attack on the
World Trade Centre in New York City and the Pentagon on the morning of 11 September
2001. Since then, the fight against transnational terrorism has become the first priority for
the United States and its NATO allies, a strategic objective confirmed at the November
2002 Prague Summit. The fight against this threat will require a complex set of instruments,
of which NATO's military structures and doctrines are only a part".
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon; it has existed over time. What is different today is
that the sources of terrorism are multifarious and supported materially and financially by
mutually supportive transnational network of religious, political and ideological groups.
Terrorists no longer focus on political targets as in the past, and see any thing or any body
as fair game. For this reason, they are prepared to employ means and weapons, including
weapons of mass destruction, indiscriminately against both public (state) property and
figures and private, civilian assets. Targets are selected for their symbolic value, ease of
attack, ('soft' targets), and for the potential to cause the maximum of destruction and
disruption. Vulnerable, high value, civilian targets, such as information networks, energy
sources, transportation systems, tourist attractions, retail stores etc. are a high priority.
National terrorism was a matter for the domestic police and internal security agencies.
Transnational terrorism presents governments with a very different security challenge, one
that requires new collaborative structures, common doctrines, and information and
intelligence sharing between states. Against a military threat, the NATO allies have proved
themselves collectively to be well prepared; against an uncertain terrorist threat using a
range of military and non-military means and directed against primarily civilian targets, the
NATO allies have made relatively little progress, though it is recognised that it has the
potential to make a significant contribution in the fight against terrorism.
Current NATO structures require to be looked at and new ones introduced. This also
involves the NATO partner states and those closer to the terrorist 'front line', the
Mediterranean dialogue states, as well as equivalent agencies within the European Union.
The creation of an Intelligence Steering Group at NATO Headquarters is a positive step
forward in the counter-terrorist strategy. In particular military forces assigned to NATO
have to find ways of collaborating with national domestic police and security forces as well
as those of Europol and Interpol. These arrangements should include not merely sharing
intelligence information, but especially gaining access to the latest computer hardware
technologies and security-related software to keep costs down and reduce duplication and
redundancy. The NATO members must find ways of being able to operate, and above all
communicate, interoperably. Above all, any future structures and operational procedures
within NATO must be done within a legal framework, particularly with regard to the
deployment of armed forces in internal security operations.
viii
NATO has a long way to go when addressing these fundamental problems when
addressing the threat of transnational terrorism. It is still at an early stage in the process of
thinking through what needs to be done. The first step is to recognise and understand the
nature of the threat and to balance that against the experience, capabilities and assets
currently at the alliance's disposal. The contributions to this book and the discussion that
they stimulated help set the parameters of the task. Above all, however, it offers not just
sets of pertinent questions or possible solutions, but most importantly highlights the extent
of the challenge facing NATO and the urgent need for innovative and constructive thinking.
One agreed way forward would be to bring together the expert participants at the Vilemov
Workshop to form a NATO Advisory Panel to meet on a regular basis to advise and inform
NATO on ways of addressing and dealing with the modem terrorist threat.
ix
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on NATO Future Security
Vilemov Castle, Czech Republic
8-10 March 2003
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ADAMS, Barry NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
BOIX ALONSO, Luisa NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
BORKOVEC, Zdeneck MOD, Czech Republic
BOWMAN, M.E. (Spike) FBI, Washington DC, USA
CARVALHO RODRIGUES, Fernando NATO Scientific Affairs, Brussels, Belgium
CERNY, Olda Institute for Security Studies, Czech Republic
CONESA, Pierre French Ministry of Defense, Paris
COSIDO GUTIERREZ, Ignacio Guarda Civil, Madrid, Spain
DE ROBERTIS, AntonGiulio Bari University - Comitato Atlantico, Italy
DENOFSKY, Barry Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Ottawa, Canada
DONNELLY, Chris NATO Special Adviser, Brussels, Belgium
EDMONDS, Martin Director, CDISS Lancaster University, UK
ELLIOTT, Pauline Executive Secretary, CDISS Lancaster University, UK
ERAN, Oded Israeli Ambassador to the EU
FLURI, Phillip DCAF, Geneva
IONESCO, Paul Foreign Intelligence, Bucharest, Romania
JONES, Bruce Director, Defence Consultancy, UK
KARMON, Ely International Institute for Counter Terrorism, Tel Aviv,
Israel
KENDRY, Adrian NATO, Political Affairs, Senior Defence Economist,
Brussels, Belgium
LENOIR, John US Attorney's Office Washington DC
LINDE, Julius Constitution's Protection Bureau, Riga, Latvia
LINDLEY-FRENCH, Julian Geneva Center for Security Policy, Geneva, Switzerland
LOJDQUIST, Fredrik MOD Intelligence Co-ordination, Stockholm, Sweden
MORATO, Diana NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
NAVARRETE PANIAGUA, Manuel Guarda Civil, Counter-terrorism Unit, Madrid, Spain
PAWLOSKI, Richard Space Imaging LLC, Regional Director Ankara, Turkey
PAYNE, Timothy W.C. NATO SHAPE School Rome, Italy
PETROV, Valentyn National Security and Defence Council, Kiev, Ukraine
PONCELET, Jean-Yves NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
RICCI, Lavinia NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
ROSNER, Kevin OECD, Paris
SCHWERZEL, Jeffrey NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
SIMANCAS CARRION, Mariano Europol, The Hague, Netherlands
SIMM, Michael NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
STANKOVICIUS, Ignas Security Service, Vilnius, Lithuania
STOIBER, Benedikt NATO Research Fellow, Brussels, Belgium
SWALLOW, Paul Metropolitan Police, New Scotland Yard, London, UK
TRETERA, Eliska FBI Legate, US Embassy Prague Czech Republic.
WISHART, Jack NAC Rapporteur, Edinburgh, Scotland
WITSCHEL, Georg MFA, Berlin, Germany