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F u n d a m e n t a l s o f
M o d e r n
E l e c t r o n i c s
2019 Edition
Jeffrey S. Beasley
New Mexico State University
Guillermo Rico
New Mexico State University
Rolfe J. Sassenfeld
New Mexico State University
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Copyright © 2019 by Beasley, Rico and Sassenfeld
Portions of this textbook were originally published under the
title of ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS, published by
Pearson Education, Inc.
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iii
P r e f a c e
Fundamental of Modern Electronics is a modern, thorough treatment of the topics
traditionally covered during a first semester course in electronic device
theory and applications. The minimum preparation for students beginning
their study of this material is a course in dc circuit analysis. Therefore, students
who begin their study without having completed a course in ac circuit analysis
should be taking that course as a corequisite. Basic calculus is used as needed for
the development of theoretical principles, such as defining the small signals models for
a MOSFET or BJT.
Principal considerations in selecting topics for this edition were the significance of
each topic in modern industrial applications and the impact that they are likely to
have on emerging technologies. Consequently, integrated-circuit applications are
presented in great detail, including coverage of analog and digital
transistor building blocks, and semiconductor theory and applications.
Each new concept in Fundamentals of Modern Electronics is introduced from a
systems or block-diagram approach. Once the fundamental concept has been
thoroughly discussed, it is applied to each amplifier studied thereafter.
Most chapters are accompanied by Spice or Electronic Workbench
MultiSimexamples and exercises.
People who are interested in reading and learning about operational amplifiers
are encouraged to examine the second textbook in Modern Electronics series
Advanced Modern Electronics. This textbook fully addresses operational
amplifier operational amplifier theory and applications, frequency response and
analysis.
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iv Preface
FEATURES OF THE 2019 EDITION
1. Basic power supplies and voltage regulation are introduced in Chapter 3, along with a
new section on power supply component specification.
2. The theory and usage of transistors in analog and digital building blocks for VLSI
circuits are presented in Chapters 5 and 6.
3. Op-amp theory and applications are presented in Chapter 7 with emphasis on design,
based on meeting or exceeding desired levels of performance.
4. Each chapter concludes with a practical exercise using Electronics Work-bench
Multisim®.
SUPPLEMENTS
Supplements available for this textbook include:
■ Laboratory Manual, this manual contains experiments that coincide directly
with the text.
■ Instructor’s Resource Manual, with worked-out solutions or each set of chapter
problems.
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Preface v
DEDICATIONS
This textbook is dedicated to my family Kim, Damon and Heather and Dana and Sam
Jeff Beasley
To Diego and Joaquin, my dear grandsons, with love from Abuelo
Guillermo Rico
I dedicate this book to my wife Victoria and to my daughters, Kristen, Sarah, Lorelai, and
Emma. They have always provided their love and support of my academic endeavors and
given me great encouragement. I would also like to dedicate this book to the memory of
my parents, Dr. Helmut Max Sassenfeld Sr. and Evelyn June Sassenfeld for their
inspiration and for instilling in me the burning quest for knowledge. Finally, I dedicate
this textbook to my dear friend Dr. Jeffrey S. Beasley who provided me with outstanding
guidance and career mentorship.
Rolfe Sassenfeld
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vii
Fundamentals of
Modern Electronics
2019 Edition
C o n t e n t s
CHAPTER 1 Semiconductors and the
pn Junction
1 Full Wave Rectification 68
Voltage Multipliers 71
1–1 Introduction 2 2-6 Elementary Voltage Regulation 73
1–2 Semiconductor Materials 3 The Zener-Diode Voltage Regulator 73
1–3 Current in Semiconductors 5 Temperature Effects 77
Zener-Diode Impedance 79
1–4 p- and n-Type Semiconductors 13
Three-Terminal Integrated-Circuit Regulators 80
1-5 The p-n Junction 16 2-7 Diode Types, Ratings, and Specifications 84
1-6 Basic Diode Operation 20 Power Supply Component Specifications 88
1-7 The Dode Current Equation 24 2-8 Multisim Exercise 92
33 Oberving on the Oscilloscope the Filtered
1-8 Identifying Forward- and Reverse-Bias Output Voltage and the Diode Current
Operating Modes in a Half-Wave Rectifier 92
1-9 p-n Junction Capacitance 42
1-10 Circuit Analysis with Electronics 45 CHAPTER 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors 99
Workbench Multisim
3-1 Introduction 99
3-2 Theory of BJT Operation 99
I Reverse Current 103
CHAPTER 2 The Diode as a Circuit Element 33 3-3 CCoBmOmon-Base Characteristics 105
Common-Base Input Characteristics 106
2-1 Introduction 53
Common-Base Output Characteristics 108
2-2 the Diode as a Nonlinear Device 53 Breakdown 110
2-3 ac and dc Resistance 56 3-4 Common-Emitter Characteristics 111
2-4 Analysis of dc Circuits Containing Diodes 58 I and Beta 112
CEO
The Load Line 62 Common-Emitter Input Characteristics 114
2-5 Elementary Power Supplies 62 Common-Emitter Output Characteristics 115
Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers 63 3-5 Common-Collector Characteristics 118
CapacitiveFiltering 65 3-6 Bias Circuits 120
Common-Base Bias Circuit 121
Common-Emitter Bias Circuit 124
Common-Collector Bias Circuit 130
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viii Contents
3-7 Design Considerations 132 5-5 The Gain Stage 210
CB Bias Design 132 The BJT Gain Stage 210
CE Bias Design 133 The MOSFET Gain Stage 213
CC Bias Design 134 Simplifying the Design Process 217
3-8 The BJT Inverter (Transistor Switch) 135 Diode-Connected Transistors 219
Inverter Design 137 Diode Transistor Applications 221
The Transistor as a Switch 138 5-6 Differential Amplifiers 224
3-9 Transistor Types, Ratings, and Specifications 140 Difference Voltages 224
3-10 Transistor Curve Tracer 143 The Ideal Differential Amplifier 225
The JFET Differential Amplifier 232
3-11 BJT Circuit Analysis with Electronics
The MOSFET Differential Amplifier 234
Workbench Multisim 145
Common-Mode Parameters 239
CHAPTER 4 Metal-Oxide Field-Effect 155 5-7 The Miller Operational Amplifier 240
Transistors (MOSFETs) 5-8 BJT Gain Stage Circuit Analysis with
Electronics Workbench Multisim 245
4-1 Introduction 155
CHAPTER 6 CMOS Transistor Digital
4-2 The MOSFET Physical Structure 157
Circuit Building Blocks 258
Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 157
MOSFET Small Signal Model 159
6-1 Introduction 259
MOSFET Transistor Symbols 163
6-2 Transistor-Level Implementation of CMOS
INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT MOSFETS 165
Combinational Logic Circuits 260
4-3 MOSFET Modes of Operation 166
The MOSFET Transistor in Digital Circuits 260
Cutoff 165 The AND/OR and Inverter Structure 262
Triode 165
6-3 A Design Procedure for Creating CMOS
Saturation 166 Combinational Logic Circuits 263
4–4 DC Circuits 170 Constructing a CMOS Logic Circuit Using
4–5 Biasing Discrete MOSFETs 185 the CD4007 Transistor Array Package 267
6-4 Transistor Behavior of CMOS Logic Circuits 268
Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 186 Transient Behavior of a CMOS Inverter 268
Enhancement MOSFET Transfer 162 Rise and Fall Time Characteristics 272
Characteristic 163 Propagation Delay 275
Enhancement MOSFET Bias Circuits 186
6-5 Clocked CMOS VLSI Circuits 276
General Algebraic Solution 188 The D-Type Flip-Flop 276
4-6 MOSFET Circuit Analysis with Electronics 191 Master/Slave DFF Operation 277
Two-Phase Nonoverlapping Clock Circuit 281
WorkbenchMultisim
6-6 Random-Access Memory and Read-Only
Memory 282
CHAPTER 5 Transistor Analog Circuit 196 The Six-Transistor Static RAM Cell 282
Building Blocks The Sense Amplifier 284
Dynamic RAM 286
Read-Only Memory 288
5-1 Introduction 197
The Floating Gate 289
5-2 The BJT and MOSFET Small-Signal
The EPROM 289
Equivalent Circuits 197
The EEPROM 291
The BJT Model 198
6-7 Input/Output (I/O) Buffers 292
The MOSFET Model 199
The Input Pad 292
5-3 The Current Source/Sink 200
The Output Pad 297
The BJT Current Source 200
Level Conversion 299
The MOSFET Current Source 202
The Tri-State Driver 300
5-4 The Current Mirror 203
The BJT Current Mirror 203
The MOSFET Current Mirror 206
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Contents ix
CHAPTER 7 Ideal Operational Amplifier 310
Circuits and Analysis
7-1 The Ideal Operational Amplifier
311
The Inverting Amplifier 312
The Noninverting Amplifier 314
The Voltage Follower 315
The Compensating Resistor Rc 316
Single Power Supply Operation 317
7-2 Voltage Summation, Subtraction, and Scaling 318
Voltage Summation 318
Voltage Subtraction 320
7-3 Controlled Voltage and Current Sources 325
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources 325
Voltage-Controlled Current Sources 326
Current-Controlled Voltage Sources 329
Current-Controlled Current Sources 329
7-4 Multisim Exercise 331
1
C HAP TER 1
p n
S E M I C O N D U C T O R S a n d
t h eO UTLINJEU N C T I O N
1–1 Introduction
1–2 Semiconductor Materials
1–3 Current in Semiconductors
1–4 p- and n-Type Semiconductors
1–5 The pn Junction
1–6 Basic Diode Operation
1–7 The Diode Current Equation
1–8 Identifying Forward- and Reverse-Bias Operating Modes
1-9 p-n Junction Capacitance
1-10 Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Multisim
Summary
Exercises
