Fundamentals of materials for energy and environmental sustainability

771 Pages·2012·64.058 MB·English

by  D S Ginley, Daṿid Kahen

Fundamentals of Materials
for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability
How willwemeetrisingenergydemands? Whatareouroptions? Arethereviable
long-termsolutionsforthefuture?
Learnthefundamentalphysical,chemical,andmaterialsscienceattheheartof:
(cid:1) nonrenewableenergysources
(cid:1) renewableenergysources
(cid:1) futuretransportationsystems
(cid:1) energyefficiency
(cid:1) energystorage
Whetheryouareastudenttakinganenergycourseoranewcomertothefield,this
bookwillhelpyouunderstandthecriticalrelationshipsoftheenvironment,energy,
andsustainability.Leading expertsprovide comprehensivecoverage ofeachtopic,
bringing together diverse subject matter by integrating theory with engaging
insights.Eachchapteralsoincludeshelpfulfeaturestoaidunderstanding,including
a historical overview to provide context, references for further reading, and ques-
tionsfordiscussion.Thesubjectisbeautifullyillustratedandbroughttolifewithfull-
color images and color-coded sections for easy browsing, making this a complete
educationalpackage.
FundamentalsofMaterialsforEnergyandEnvironmentalSustainability
Enablingtoday'sscientists.Educatingfuturegenerations.
DAVIDS.GINLEYisaResearchFellowandGroupManagerintheProcessTechnology
Group,NationalCenterforPhotovoltaicsattheNationalRenewableEnergyLabora-
tory (NREL). He received his B.S. in Mineral Engineering Chemistry from the
Colorado School of Mines and his Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from MIT. He is
alsoaformerPresidentoftheMaterialsResearchSociety(MRS).Hisprincipalareas
of interest are in the application of organic/polymer materials, transition metal
oxidesandhybridinorganic–organicsemiconductor-basednanomaterialstoenergy
conversion,andenergyefficiencyintheareasofphotovoltaics,batteries,fuelcells,
andOLEDs.Hehasover400publicationsand30patents.
DAVID CAHEN is a Professorat the Weizmann Institute of Science. He received his
B.Sc.inChemistryandPhysicsattheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem(HUJI)andhis
Ph.D. in Materials Research and Physical Chemistry from Northwestern University.
HethenjoinedtheWeizmannInstitutein1976,wherehestartedworkonsolarcells.
Today,hisresearchfocusesonalternative,especiallysolar,energysources,aimingto
understandelectronictransportacross(bio)molecules,investigatinghowmolecules
can control such transport, and looking for novel science in such systems and for
possiblerelevancetosolarcells.
This book fills an information gap in energy, environment, and sustainability,
presenting broad overviews of energy challenges and solutions along with the
materials advances needed to enable rapid progress. It is authoritative, insightful,
andathoroughlyenjoyablereadforthegeneralaudience,forenergyanalysts,and
forstudentsenteringthefield.
GeorgeCrabtree,ArgonneNationalLaboratory
Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability is essential
reading for anyone who wishes to understand today's (and tomorrow's) energy
landscape.Thebookfocusesonthematerialsthatareessentialtoenergyproduction
andthematerialsscienceresearchchallengeposedbymeetingthedemandsmade
onthem. The articles, written byexperts intheir respective fields, covera compre-
hensive range of subjects related to energy and environmental concerns. Titles of
articles are broadly grouped into themes ranging from environmental concerns to
an examination of energy sources to transportation issues to schemes for energy
storage. Useful tutorials are included on basic issues. This book is an invaluable
sourceofmaterialforcollegecoursesonenergy,environmentalconsequences,and
sustainability. It also serves as an excellent primer for those who wish to become
knowledgeable on this major challenge of the present century: meeting global
energydemandswhilepreservingourenvironment.
JuliaWeertman,NorthwesternUniversity
Thisbookrepresentsoneofthemostintegratedandinclusivetextsonthetopicsof
materials forenergyand environmental sustainability. It provides an inclusive and
fairpictureofallthedifferentalternativesforenergygeneration,energyefficiency,
and covers many new approaches to clean energy use. You will find here all the
information and data that cannot be found in other textbooks. The different
chaptersarewrittenbyveryhighprofilescientistsbutataconsistentlevel.Thebook
is beautifully illustrated and the reader will not find preselected solutions to the
energyproblembutwillhavealltheinformationnecessarytoproposehis\herown
solution. The chapters are completed by a very useful section on “questions for
discussion”tochallengethereaderandbyalistoffurtherreadingformorein-depth
analysis.ThisbookwasreallyneededandI‘msureitwillbecomeareferenceinthe
field of materials for energy and environmental sustainability not only for the
studentsbutalsoforresearchersworkinginthefield.
FrancescoPriolo,MATISCNR-IMM
This book addresses all the critical energy and environmental issues faced by the
world and critically assesses the current options for mankind. Written by leading
experts,itpresentsthemosttimelyandcomprehensivereview,andisbyfarthebest
resource available for all students, educators, scientists, economists, and policy
makers interested in understanding the options provided by advanced materials
forsolvingtheupcomingenergyproblems.Amonumentalwork!
YvesChabal,UniversityofTexasatDallas
This bookexplains clearly thedilemmawearefacing: whataretheimplicationsof
replacingroughly1Terawattofenergy(whichpresentlyisproducedfromapproxi-
mately 10 billions tons of fossil fuels) by renewable resources (mainly solar). The
materials and devices needed will be substantially different in the form of photo-
voltaic panels, smart grid, energy storage, batteries, and many others. The book
discussesalltheseissuesandshouldbeveryusefulforanyoneworkingorteaching
onpathsforasustainableenergyfuture.
JoséGoldemberg,UniversityofSãoPaulo
Fundamentals of
Materials for Energy
and Environmental
Sustainability
edited by
david s. ginley
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
and
david cahen
Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
cambridge university press
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaby
CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107000230
#MaterialsResearchSociety2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Fundamentalsofmaterialsforenergyandenvironmentalsustainability/editedby
DavidS.Ginley,DavidCahen.
p. cm.
ISBN978-1-107-00023-0(Hardback)
1. Energyconservation–Equipmentandsupplies. 2. Renewableenergy
sources.3. Powerresources. 4. Fuel. 5. Sustainableengineering–Materials.
I. Ginley,D.S.(DavidS.) II. Cahen,David. III. Title.
TJ163.3.F8552011
621.042–dc23
2011027888
ISBN978-1-107-00023-0Hardback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/9781107000230
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Contents
Listofcontributors pageix
Preface xiii
DavidS.GinleyandDavidCahen
Acknowledgments xvii
Part 1 Energy and the environment: the global landscape
1 Aprimeronclimatechange 2
MelindaMarquisandPieterTans
2 Theglobalenergylandscapeandenergysecurity 26
V.S.ArunachalamandAnshuBharadwaj
3 Sustainabilityandenergyconversions 36
FranklinM.Orr,Jr.andSallyM.Benson
4 Energycostofmaterials:materialsforthin-filmphotovoltaics
asanexample 48
AjayK.GuptaandCharlesA.S.Hall
5 Economicsofmaterials 61
LesterB.LaveandFrankR.FieldIII
6 Globalenergyflows 71
RichardSassoon
7 Globalmaterialsflows 81
FridolinKrausmann
8 Carbondioxidecaptureandsequestration 90
SallyM.Benson
Part 2 Nonrenewable energy sources
9 Petroleumandnaturalgas 106
RussellR.Chianelli,XiomaraC.Kretschmer,andStephenA.Holditch
10 Advancingcoalconversiontechnologies:materialschallenges 117
BryanD.Morreale,CynthiaA.Powell,andDavidR.Luebke
11 Oilshaleandtarsands 127
JamesW.Bunger
12 Unconventionalenergysources:gashydrates 137
CarolynA.Koh,E.DendySloan,AmadeuK.Sum,andDavidT.Wu
13 Nuclearenergy:currentandfutureschemes 147
ChristopherR.Stanek,RobinW.Grimes,CetinUnal,StuartA.Maloy,
andSaraC.Scott
vi Contents
14 Nuclearnon-proliferation 162
SiegfriedS.Hecker,MatthiasEnglert,andMichaelC.Miller
15 Nuclear-wastemanagementanddisposal 178
RodneyC.EwingandWilliamJ.Weber
16 Materialrequirementsforcontrollednuclearfusion 194
NathanielJ.Fisch,J.LucPeterson,andAdamCohen
Part 3 Renewable energy sources
17 Solarenergyoverview 206
MiguelA.ContrerasandSatyenDeb
18 Directsolarenergyconversionwithphotovoltaicdevices 216
DavidS.Ginley,ReubenCollins,andDavidCahen
19 Futureconceptsforphotovoltaicenergyconversion 238
Jean-FrançoisGuillemoles
20 Concentratingandmultijunctionphotovoltaics 257
DanielJ.Friedman
21 Concentratingsolarthermalpower 272
AbrahamKribus
22 Solar-thermoelectrics:directsolarthermalenergyconversion 289
TerryM.Tritt,XinfengTang,QingjieZhang,andWenjieXie
23 Off-gridsolarinthedevelopingworld 295
TiffanyTong,WaliAkande,andWinstonO.Soboyejo
24 Principlesofphotosynthesis 302
JohannesMessingerandDmitriyShevela
25 Biofuelsandbiomaterialsfrommicrobes 315
TrentR.Northen
26 Biofuelsfromcellulosicbiomassviaaqueousprocessing 336
JianShi,QingQing,TaiyingZhang,CharlesE.WymanandToddA.Lloyd
27 Artificialphotosynthesisforsolarenergyconversion 349
BorisRybtchinskiandMichaelR.Wasielewski
28 Engineeringnaturalphotosynthesis 365
HuubJ.M.deGroot
29 Geothermalandoceanenergy 379
JiabinHan,J.WilliamCarey,andBruceA.Robinson
30 Windenergy 396
MichaelRobinson,NeilKelley,PatrickMoriarty,ScottSchreck,
DavidSimms,andAlanWright
Part 4 Transportation
31 Transportation:motorvehicles 426
JerryGibbs,AhmadA.Pesaran,PhilipS.Sklad,andLauraD.Marlino
Contents vii
32 Transportation:aviation 446
RobinG.Bennett,LindaA.CadwellStancin,WilliamL.Carberry,
TimothyF.Rahmes,PeterM.Thompson,andJeanneC.Yu
33 Transportation:shipping 453
DavidS.Ginley
34 Transportation:fullyautonomousvehicles 462
ChristopherE.Borroni-BirdandMarkW.Verbrugge
Part 5 Energy efficiency
35 Lighting 474
DandanZhuandColinJ.Humphreys
36 Energyefficientbuildings 491
RonJudkoff
37 Insulationscience 509
LeonR.GlicksmanandEllannCohen
38 Industrialenergyefficiency:acasestudy 520
JoeA.Almaguer
39 Greenprocessing:catalysis 536
RonnyNeumann
40 Materialsavailabilityandrecycling 549
RandolphKirchainandElisaAlonso
41 Life-cycleassessment 565
CorrieE.Clark
Part 6 Energy storage, high-penetration renewables,
and grid stabilization
42 Towardthesmartgrid:theUSasacasestudy 578
S.MassoudAminandAnthonyM.Giacomoni
43 Consequencesofhigh-penetrationrenewables 594
PaulDenholm
44 Electrochemicalenergystorage:batteriesandcapacitors 608
M.StanleyWhittingham
45 Mechanicalenergystorage:pumpedhydro,CAES,
flywheels 624
TroyMcBride,BenjaminBollinger,andDaxKepshire
46 Fuelcells 637
ShyamKocha,BryanPivovar,andThomasGennett
47 Solarfuels 656
ChristianJoossandHelmutTributsch
48 Solarthermalroutestofuel 675
MichaelEpstein
viii Contents
49 Photoelectrochemistryandhybridsolarconversion 692
StuartLicht
Summary 711
DavidS.GinleyandDavidCahen
AppendixA: Thermodynamics 715
JenniferA.NekudaMalik
AppendixB: Electrochemistry 718
JenniferA.NekudaMalik
AppendixC: Units 721
Index 723
Contributors
WaliAkande RussellR.Chianelli
PrincetonUniversity UniversityofTexasatElPaso
JoeA.Almaguer CorrieE.Clark
TheDowChemicalCompany ArgonneNationalLaboratory
ElisaAlonso AdamCohen
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology PrincetonUniversity
S.MassoudAmin EllannCohen
UniversityofMinnesota MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
V.S.Arunachalam ReubenCollins
CarnegieMellonUniversity ColoradoSchoolofMines
RobinG.Bennett MiguelA.Contreras
TheBoeingCompany NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
SallyM.Benson SatyenDeb
StanfordUniversity NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
AnshuBharadwaj HuubJ.M.deGroot
CenterforStudyofScience,Technology,andPolicy(CSTEP) LeidenUniversity
BenjaminBollinger PaulDenholm
SustainX,Inc. NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
ChristopherE.Borroni-Bird MatthiasEnglert
GeneralMotors StanfordUniversity
JamesW.Bunger MichaelEpstein
JamesW.BungerandAssociates,Inc. WeizmannInstituteofScience
LindaA.CadwellStancin RodneyC.Ewing
TheBoeingCompany UniversityofMichigan
DavidCahen FrankR.Field,III
WeizmannInstituteofScience MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
WilliamL.Carberry NathanielJ.Fisch
TheBoeingCompany PrincetonUniversity
J.WilliamCarey DanielJ.Friedman
LosAlamosNationalLaboratory NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
x List of contributors
ThomasGennett ShayamKocha
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL) NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
AnthonyM.Giacomoni CarolynA.Koh
UniversityofMinnesota ColoradoSchoolofMines
JerryGibbs FridolinKrausmann
U.S.DepartmentofEnergy AlpenAdriaUniversita¨t(AAU)
DavidGinley XiomaraC.Kretschmer
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL) UniversityofTexasatElPaso
LeonGlicksman
AbrahamKribus
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
TelAvivUniversity
RobinW.Grimes
LesterB.Lave
ImperialCollegeLondon
CarnegieMellonUniversity
Jean-Franc¸oisGuillemoles
StuartLicht
Institut de Recherche et De´veloppement sur l’Energie
GeorgeWashingtonUniversity
Photovolta¨ıque
ToddA.Lloyd
AjayK.Gupta
MascomaCorporation
SUNYCollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry
DavidR.Luebke
CharlesA.S.Hall
NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)
SUNYCollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry
JenniferA.NekudaMalik
JiabinHan
ImperialCollegeLondon
LosAlamosNationalLaboratory
StuartA.Maloy
SiegfriedS.Hecker
LosAlamosNationalLaboratory
StanfordUniversity
LauraD.Marlino
StephenA.Holditch
OakRidgeNationalLaboratory(ORNL)
TexasA&MUniversity
MelindaMarquis
ColinJ.Humphreys
NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)
UniversityofCambridge
ChristianJooss TroyMcBride
GeorgAugustUniversityGo¨ttingen SustainX,Inc.
RonJudkoff JohannesMessinger
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL) Umea˚ University
NeilKelley MichaelC.Miller
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL) LosAlamosNationalLaboratory
DaxKepshire PatrickMoriarty
SustainX,Inc. NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)
RandolphKirchain BryanD.Morreale
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)