Table Of ContentBODY SYSTEMS
Made up of cells organized according to specialization to maintain homeostasis
See Chapter 1.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Acts through electrical signals to control rapid
responses of the body; also responsible for
higher functions__e.g., consciousness, memory, Regulate
Information from the
and creativity
external environment See Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 7.
relayed through the
nervous system
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
O Obtains O from and eliminates CO to the external
2 2 2
environment; helps regulate pH by adjusting the
CO
2 rate of removal of acid-forming CO
2
See Chapters 12 and 14.
URINARY SYSTEM
Is important in regulating the volume, electrolyte
Urine containing
composition, and pH of the internal environment;
wastes and excess
removes wastes and excess water, salt, acid,
water and
and other electrolytes from the plasma and
electrolytes
eliminates them in the urine
See Chapters 13 and 14.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Nutrients, water,
Obtains nutrients, water, and electrolytes from
and electrolytes
the external environment and transfers them into
Feces containing the plasma; eliminates undigested food residues
undigested food to the external environment
residue See Chapter 15.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Sperm leave male Is not essential for homeostasis, but is essential for
Sperm enter female perpetuation of the species
See Chapter 18.
Exchanges with
all other systems
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Transports nutrients, O , CO , wastes, electrolytes, and hormones throughout the body
EXTERNAL See Chapters 9, 10, an2d 11.2
ENVIRONMENT
Each chapter begins with a system-specifi c version of the pictorial homeostatic
model above that depicts how the body system discussed in the chapter functions
within the body as a whole. The accompanying icon marks a special section at each
chapter’s end that focuses on how the system contributes to homeostasis.
Together these features will give you a better perspective on homeostasis and the
interdependency of body systems.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Body systems
Acts by means of hormones secreted into the
maintain
blood to regulate processes that require duration
homeostasis
rather than speed__e.g., metabolic activities and
water and electrolyte balance
See Chapters 4 and 17. HOMEOSTASIS
A dynamic steady state of the
constituents in the internal fluid
environment that surrounds and
exchanges materials with the cells
See Chapter 1.
Factors homeostatically maintained:
Concentration of nutrient molecules
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM See Chapters 15, 16, and 17.
Serves as a protective barrier between the Keeps internal Concentration of O and CO
external environment and the remainder of the body; fluids in See Chapter 12. 2 2
the sweat glands and adjustments in skin blood flow Keeps foreign Concentration of waste products
are important in temperature regulation material out See Chapter 13.
See Chapters 11 and 16. pH See Chapter 14.
Concentration of water, salts, and other
electrolytes
See Chapters 13, 14, and 17.
Temperature See Chapter 16.
Volume and pressure
See Chapters 10 and 14.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defends against foreign invaders and cancer cells; Protects against Homeostasis is
paves the way for tissue repair foreign invaders essential for
See Chapter 11.
survival of cells
MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS
Support and protect body parts and allow body Enables the
CELLS
movement; heat-generating muscle contractions are body to interact
Need homeostasis for their own
important in temperature regulation; calcium is stored with the external
survival and for performing
in the bone environment
specialized functions essential for
See Chapters 8, 16, and 17.
survival of the whole body
See Chapters 1, 2, and 3.
Exchanges with Need a continual supply of nutrients and
all other systems O2 and ongoing elimination of acid-forming
CO to generate the energy needed
2
to power life-sustaining cellular
activities as follows:
Food + O CO + H O + energy
2 2 2
See Chapters 12, 14, 15, and 16.
Cells make up
body systems
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Easy-to-navigate and visually exciting, these online physiology
tutorials help you understand various body functions including
secretion, synapses and neuronal integration, heart, respiratory
mechanics, and swallowing. These dynamic tutorials guide you
through two- and three-dimensional animations, images,
interactive exercises, and quizzing to help you master
diffi cult-to-visualize physiology processes.
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Fundamentals of Human Physiology
FOURTH EDITION
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ii APPENDIX E
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Fundamentals of Human Physiology
FOURTH EDITION
Lauralee Sherwood
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
School of Medicine
West Virginia University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Fundamentals of Human Physiology, © 2012, 2006 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Fourth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Lauralee Sherwood
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To my family,
in celebration of the continuity of life,
with memories of the past,
joys of the present,
and expectations of the future:
My parents,
Larry (in memoriam) and Lee Sherwood
My husband,
Peter Marshall
My daughters and “sons,”
Melinda and Mark Marple
Allison Tadros and Bill Krantz
My grandchildren,
Lindsay Marple
Emily Marple
Alexander Tadros
Lauren Krantz
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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