Table Of ContentCAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE HLGCATION
Agendas for Second Jamgwnge | sterey SS Lee Mey
Reflective eaehing a Sorond Langone €lnernnas be fat
Richens wed Charter,
toathart
Falucating Second Language Chilteen; The whole cil, the whole
‘curricula, the whole eorinunity ofr by Fie Craraee
‘Une
y Keven oben
Gommanieion fn Sarl Langnae Chosen
“The SelPdreced Teashert
arte a el Chari Ls
ing Khe Yearntg press
sumer: Am inteoction for second
unetional Ena
Taguage teachers ty Gr
Vewchers my Cinree escapes edit Sy Kate Crmeee
root Reader to Reading Teacher: Eswes and stategles fr second
language casroois by J nn Aebereoit and Mary bee Fe
Functional Enalish GeO,
Grammar so
; ‘Seems
An introduction for
second language teachers
Hala Se aA. bs
Graham Lock
‘itp Univer a Hg Rar
& 4 CAMBRIDGE
Seven neh te ta
Contents
Sones eters preface
rece i
1 Sons hase aimepis 1
1 Lin ad Rusetona gamma
2 unsinatgrasuus a lrg esehing >
3 Lev otvaalysi
4 theowsmanion of anne 4
15 stom m gran
U6 Geumnatcfnenore M0
Senwniry I?
ey teil
Dees ot asks
2 Repeseaing taf Howse ait war groups
1 Court ay
2 Noun gums
VS Rete
Sunny 3?
Key tauns ianutiwed 3
Disewsion af cbs 38
SRanmesering things ie More on nae ioup
G1 Inclusves as
32 Quuniers a
BA narwiees 42
$4 Deworbes ay
3) Clits 36
Lib Pontus 53
37 rozows al plas a Things 58
sworn 62
Key erm imthiced
Deacintion otlaske 48
Doing a bappening [The mania af acon rovmces $9
4, Verb groups?
42. Action processes 72
Simone 8
Ky terme urvces!
Disecsion afsasae 83
ising al apm ing Hs Putin sel ei ane
52 Coun onit Afi xt
SL Vee tilowed hy porpotins 92
32 thee oe
unitary 99
ey tise)
Tscusion ashe 1
Sein liking Merkin, ning, ad Says Me asi of
cual and nabalpuncnes 8
91 Mem! pmiomses 108
62 Mentabicion recesses 11
AA Meal pinecssoe 116
Suman 122
Key lems nerd 122
Daresmon nf ke 121
Hera aeo She rawsity of ron a cea
messes 126
th Atvibutve ela anal pngsyeey 128
TL Momiping cational presses 135
FR Posveive olral procoees 135
Ch Esitertol occas
Sunnary 141
Key tomeimoded 182
Viseuion atts 148
epreceting time: Tense oné lonporal Adjuncs 147
fA Therewo system LR
HD Cinemas 152
contens
Deflaew wvefpatinee af rae 1
emg and sein eras 1d
Chsunstartal Adjunct aime 166
Cenimerise Aguas afte 168
Interpersonal fajnees Fe 16
Kepler ined
Discestom asks 11
Interaction: Spel get ond mann! 174
21 Sprethaers 174
22 Megd 18
OA Mimics Ut
84 Quctans 6
98 Tinea 18S
6 earings teahng es tod pose sere
Sinmnary
Kes ees ites 196
Discusion oftusks 90
Fes jenn ad andadee Mal ais md
nodalty 132
1 ikeliigod 198
102 teachers 204
19} Otecareae of modality 28
10 Summareof meal ssiirins ed er neoniege 2%
As Molin sms ad speesiiach 212
10.6. Veaming and teaching mids ity 14
Sumy 218
Key lems inked 216
Drstmion ef tasks 216
Ongoing messages Thread fess 2
ULL skal ne amen ord oder 221
12 Mer aml heme 332
113 Masked and vannksd Thesis 228
HWA Selection of warked Thenes 223
US Ling nd aching Tree Rhee stetere 22
1.5 Siwapereatal Tews. 29
113 seus af faring 231
18 Oiher wuys oF erganizing the mesg 283
Sumaeary 2
vit Contos
oy we inated 2a
Tiseuaioe take 243,
12 Combine wisnages: Comes seaeanss 746
T2.L ete an! epee lanses 22
122. Stacia cltionstape betwsen elses 238
3 Logs ludueti beer claus
Siemmnaey 351
ey es neh! 202
Dinan of vhs 263
15 tee athe lenny and easly of ganar 2
1 tvanmar und connnuricnive nwa Wading — 25
2 Ghvamay,rsivey, wd coramuneaion 207
HA Ceaning hos to wean llerally 267
mira ashi aril peal: so gz
ssamirg 268
TLS) Mote degea uptions 270
158 The way foreund 22
Appendix 235
Rekaeness 24
‘Seknwlodgmeris 289
init 291
Secies editor & preface
Ale gh nee use muro Wook al pose giamnuneal dessin
oF Ln sh. a well a5 uy eleronce paninars oF Eis inca ese
by nguige reaches. tis book eters a diecoe weston of plagoient
rar Ic upproaehes he subject ho a fatcaa perspective. The
{ern ot ioe av number of meanings nightie, ue a Lask's Bock
iets to am apps wo endesarading wumnan hue foses how
Taney wa alse vainy tent aneurin
tie pase, Tecra a a there fn Fg
Fetes che coven which pearl ns choice pn al
teitenako. Leak dts piel or ts weak nM A. Haha,
Shc is Sen used in 9 wide ange of api linguticeconeats Bu
ol se ns ameng ESL tence parclry sn Nort sis, ihe
tuk hence selene arton Sinaia perspective on
tsi
cere co ae ana heaps gran wi Find
esses eral ehalslann L<k's oneal dlacrpon rags
Ireleash the linea. theses ve panel Mero
tpl he relationships tetween dire elemstis of saranarand hoe
Tne) ders ks cee mening im snes! ong aa wide range
dinbeave emit irae tw ar ae Facial
lengua wa he book wil bof parca nest wosnoge “cachet
Tho acalysisotkey gnnnoaioul agores and vamponee'sia Lagat
Ths eenlinaoes of ype, robles sed nape Karma xe in
fsqabig vars apace genanat wl provide feelers ot ony ith
iene enessunaig of erate of garam btalso with nny SUS 0
ow eching 8 nblrn pea een pablen.
wk © Richens
Preface
Think evens ft approche arcrar thal agar
vionell ae escar f eentiny ning pena wie cae
Tiss vty fen anche view u gauanar ata se fas, sl
a ce applied even wien they s2om ata. Hy wing a “uncial
Devpectve, thie book i lew provide eeachers wat as of thinking
out Engin gran en vee hat the wih bis a za on" vas
‘pert thee werk, cheng
‘Iteration permeive rane ts al ange
teoching prog an mates
«+ Cndersmading the kinds of problems leases may base with crane
4 saletingcouretoois a wommnar reference malenas
1 eping leaeers dese 9 beer understanding of the lvestionl
sone of gre
he it shape pravides oven “enor amma na
inoluses a manera asic cones, Subsequent ape eso the
terouses ofthe amin: For ding 3 nome of sas, chi:
Representing tongs (Chae 2 #432
Reprewnting vanes kinds proceze, sh ot don, loppemng
Thingy receive, kn, sang ey ae Laing fpr
Dhreugh
Repuercrting Ee hae 5)
Emcecacing (Chapes)
Feapmesng ces and pron (higter 104
(Organising mseages Uhl hy ae embers leval er ete
(Chapee T)
Crentng complex somteneo (Cater 22)
Fanctemal Eyl mde pt sean eter a9
(exc fr pretreat ersice weer acai programs ee
sods. Ne xovins uly ef Frais tana oles netted,
{Esch erper clas numersus examples, asks dat enable he eae
au petane
ppl sons ietodved in he et and ssn qusstions that nour
ge Le eer expe ching apentons In wl, the fl Zap
syhree one ne earl aio ama md Fee
‘chalga api fo leon gran iy leo
“The cases uss fo aly ao Te The wes ae tie a a
ren fan ange of concn pcrayspoksi and vse eae. In ad
tin, looge xeric em ei eilferet ex re included ihe Append.
tnd re refered fo tought tho book 2 Tal the reader can grey
Afevctopan undetint inp Fos elec nn tne een gra
teoiteecofEnelot gether egret Meng fa tear
‘sheaves au tl pie fm Lage ee hay Ug THe
raced sain socal De ays in which her begs die om
risk al sane ofthe pens fuer of Elio ay oss
“hes of ss eh a nal he pti sti
on of any phenanensa ae comple nguage Hows at oka
tean ma beep rmolgy the stent std whet pee ae
fra uy er nr nn i
tigre Sie ene eh cheres Pt ha tn cl
inivechpta anak! rey eqs emt oe a.
acau lisd wae appa
Synbo ad abies wed il exaust book wae
explaiton
A nk sed presen an engenders
tuo souk aly be ence many cove xa.
seman! for nrc heey been pest
tenes mr say thy my be any vit Ba
srgacatal Fe
2 ston ma fs sd ress an xan file Bal re
sort Tam wow be scp 0a pple, woul he
Ecsakniym ene comcast ha yon a
Poms ti
th alain, meet examgies ae equa samples of
_pitencrweiten Unglh Thaw lle hy nf ee wren tthe
IBivn wre henant fan sate afl oa Ba
Ste ths nau aaa on eater ean with De sae ber
antag an ent sme
Acknowledgments
‘The syuvach cde ansyss of Eulsh grammar adoped inthis bok is
cssonlally thal developed by ML A. K Haliay und bis ellsapics. My
Sree st
ony elias ftom to Factont Gramm hans: Ea
‘ward Amald, 244, DD) kas Beane vary wall woo. ave a
‘abils insight fun Chest Matlhiest's eviengcommeatval Ca
Inpvanhy: Eopich Sours (Toya, Tape. and Pals: lttnaions Se
‘ences Publier, in wo). whieh he yeneroosly ane nvllable toe
bere w went wo pos, al fv ER. Martin's Engh tes Stes an
Serco cauetdnn ad Piladlpi: nina 1992) lowe. te
‘ure ts book is mended fr leiehes sate tan for gains br tat
saalyss. | ae 2 Tee yada rele aad se sdectvey he ine
sighis povided bythe stors-ncatwned works, a tere may em
tri in tos book tha hes aus ould notype ith
Oks wok that awe Segue sored wat pc re Shee A
Fetimi-tpotegu al tmpadieion by “uly Givtn (Sanstidan ave
Philadlp is Penihauns, ol 1 1384 an vol 2 LD eons COREE
Englsh Grammer {Londan ant sage Calls, 901: and he inlape
ible d Conprotunsse Grammar of he Engl Language by Kanth
Gun, sney Grocnlumny Gest Leech, and Jan Savi (Loraon a
New York: Fongmaa, 1
have bereiedenonnnaty kona edhe k given by th ong co
leagues, wot hein to rend td eonent da of thapnse
sone eto he whole bok okie GreeaworneLuvseaos a, Mh
Levis, Dasit Ls hor Shing, Chex Lockhart, Undsy Miler Mar ¢
eonizton iin Pee and ey IM. Tah Ia ale indsina 2h
alstndingRancbnatinguats, Che sep hor Nes and ene hay or
veaeungeleetonicaly and fae te) manny aes Thanks ie
9 the MATES. stunt of eCity Unnoersy af Een, Rong tor soit,
ot insursslenses aa mbigues inex Als af ts book
Finally 1 shoul Ike express ny gute tthe sei, fick C
Nachords, Yo hs encoueageneat rl asine all sees in he prepetion
fig le
ints Loe
I Some basic concepts
Ti chapter il ender He nate fetonal rma 968 ihre
ance language ning acai, tl Tenn opr si
basic organizatona!prtcpls of gemmor end the eainsniptotwcea
ironman ecving Finely. ser of granvmaccl functions i be
Frreduced ond ted
11 Formal and functionat grammar
‘There re many 334 of dosing the grammar sf a enguece ne ap
prose sree gran 5 sl os which prey olf posse gre
Frail saciges fhe ing fm thn ppc, lest dine
uly ade betweon qastic! Camelines ell wel formed) xen
‘ences and unganamatie snfonos, Th primary rer swith rs
fof greet srutues andi retonhig one another, tert
Sei ther ieeiingy Tei ge ym lene ewes, A jgarmain
Jntiesot in shan deserpion wou use for anit sevens
lathe born mage up ute diferent greswnatio alisha tan
senfancs dm fromm rest rid seurees
"arolher appre ses tinggi ml areola a sytem of ca
vamteaticn sul analgesia eigrucer et is ryan Ws lo
“ethers al iter nnd scene nsaning, Rather hs
fa clea distinc btw ginal 2nd uaarmalicl fs, tho
foous is usually en the approprivcnoss ef Zorn fo © parkcult cont
‘ucts peapos ina pear coe! The primary cares mh the
Famesone of racage athe eeesnete sal eh ie mene
oe A tome retin i sri kel ne
(ai fom auth fete [he te fas ead hee for bah spk and
wes language) n sprite cote,
Te mer apprah to rami amsssiy fe wen saESd formal,
sve dee ager vale cle) Tomeiomat The 109 9D.
# Fengionat Ergin araerimar
prsthes we not ef somne,anulyexchive, ularly es
ae ge lke aoe of en a nen, Taner
sn ane ig ke nec i car at de pi a
fpranra car 36 Tosti win one a He ale a ie bee
Segue
“The fees hebwseo Gouna ai ane seponenc cab rity
ad ily lus.aced wt he folowing enna
Ln le sn re data ay
1 entyvig'he ere ef ths sates. hh foemel and ane joel gre
tnarinin would aye in ellng ie asin wee senleae, However,
Focal ranunaran sud le pinay atest i finding the 28 8
sao eyezelaton of hus of he eines end ao nag Be
"ela othe ste of soci vote Ee:
(0) a The Lo ae i he nyt
Foc exarpe, alec te A out a shot how smn ay be ev
am sentence Is, hese wel speci (I) :he nore Te ans et
the i fey To poslon a tg end a he mle“ Ths
[repos 87 ys nvr tec me hen he
ene at ce oF 9 nl (8s De lange fa aed
"ast am sae Ute te er hed Bowe ord a pie
"oe we vb
fave yranvia wol siao tks not of ae foal dtieennes
hoon ths ative and pastvesuuetines, Howeeek he or se would Bo
tans sonconed ile gusstions Such {1 how fe soremunsective os
‘ifthe menage ine ase dere we bsp aD
ih te nti. 23 wea eel i ol pring ee tv fact De
fend oii serene ul (3 wot Kenanes thee ay ve ee
Sites acto pure ai dan astve Woe Those ide ogni
‘oud ed he ngusco soneder role ohs wave system nang
rmalon ain seneoces al tex, ne i cuit v0 ule
ormunicintn (eens te ill econo i Clan 11 oF th
tots
1.2 Functional grammar and tanguage teaching
Leauing »seond an voge stan werk and fa ns! prep es
snsdeble somata lft Te ek oy sets bs
ose, fares ma ly necks ack ask wou dhe
pectin nf a pao few people, alone lings paps, my
back pan the stady oF a lengange fer she inlceuul wesc 9
Rome bavis cenaents 9
seit yea ii ammeter a les pi gs
tor bt een! eet ry ere
iviother sqcakorcy wrisenfe ensue Te beTreane ene
anit dl ether ner, desea he smarts ne
ocd 20 do mote bat. swpl lay out te fst mal nese th
Tnaguays. I acest show hes Io ae for at Ie die ae aed AS
sled woed, he pris ain ofa futon gteaacalaalsis i
taerstind ho the rum ofa engage server asc esos for aking
sel exctaqnag meengs A tensed gramme hector the kind
ramen ey ave wf oy eg ere
‘ache. (foac¥ in geatmorand kage etn oreeaplned oe ily
‘Atak af bral of fantinal yuma have appara te the
lea eny jem A ii a este gies Be 00 as
Fel feet sole! at sighs Gas mm ot eee. ree
ude of ue thee te! airtel Hamer ape
Eset as nue of te ee inology is dean Gn the woe af ewe
‘esta ings, gas MAK. Hala (oq, Halliday 197,
pe verte yer, Ulla Ene hid en aflesoe on Boe mht
‘angie ad second nage eaien cl systerieinetorl anes
Lngtsh gsr lave ae proved elves veny etal nv aumbes
ft eaphratns, caring Trem mlllegl sex gene.en My consult
fe Hae et ak 8) tthe devel a Rr tye Tic
Fee ain 1995, Chine a My Wiha 1SFA and 1998! Heo
the y kat vk on.ing. ove is Ya il ae an rang en
Sires of aplid inguin
13. Levels of analysis
tu stadying how taguage work. inguin of a. schol oeopuie seal
siorearLeele sf anal. The flowing lou: levels are haze esully
Phemoay
Sensntcs
Palgy Teas to he Sova gate a parcel mune, res
vette the ve ana tan per This Bok, pe
Aslogy si be touekedupor cl i.
‘Cec elem tity wus oa angi, roughly comeageding che
4 Funatonal Eagle grease
Grammar nest asp: (Haan onde and 2
tinal sche oyon For sxe inser sche
se may’ be nerd in Row the werd conine o frm & weaning
semecse Tae sips! of grein fs aol elle syntns- However.
fr eset in fat he wl Kcr re deed te
(ou pata Ai +e Tho Fe ae eprosets 3 elias
"aac past enso. This pect af garymaris called srphelogy. The ocus
‘oft book il be printer enka ether han snooty.
Stanautice eer othe sues nf mesningin ne, tr resp
Ino sings the ved world pratt, ses, als,
Thete ae tres diy Fin eee the it evel pe
gy. ose, gun. and seas. dilantin
Slee in diferont ways Taking a funetional apptac agar is ek
iegmneemed ih meaning amie ener tent hn 9 eer appeesh
‘vite et ches wr, ts Ik examen teas hs ere
uaa it cer te del ih eyately une tne “eb ema
‘ra sings Uni ak Fen om uo anana eqcs nningsta
emetimesbscomes dificult le dew 4 ent Tine beeen aan ae
levee ein fl emits aon the sane evel and refered at
fence grammar
4.4 The organization of grammar
Te cepmictinn ol granrie eell esate been “o mpen
eaeaps ate needed fr thi, anh and ela
141 Rank
lanl foun sre fev 6 gunn win prune, Gur
Ihe folosing exampie
1) People ew ees
This teil uf ngage sos nv elena es. Sen
tence and word ae (90 rake af gramnatieal uybuition, wih 9
hae eg din he ecg seen. heat by an in acpi
Tete al final “use her Bl cali ae 2 ee
sprees between tunic, Ae wil bese nt, esti i sen
speech eno rughfornard, Hose, ie oneal lth en
sean fe Dv highest ve of rocatin organization in oth pak
fd viten Engh
‘Some basi omoants
Spuater of nglh generly ager nver mrs evan snl
Hoeven lee ny be eane ton ersten abl whee Soe
twos Beg an en, Fos shes, ch eit! aoe
ender not-tedond Lingustaleusorstineseeagize 2 sing!é Wi
‘Aeticlly feat dem) whete the wrtng stam ha Reo or more wore,
For exange, trough up a i she Arg pe gstion fa cm be
naan ak cae eel lem (empire she oie ae raion fi) ane
coe, or presen purposive ern soe ay igus y lens id
Tie Peccteary ceive rank hebace antes an wo For
czsrpl. compare fllwiagSetenes wil omlence 3
(4) Peoples ie in ls howz son ar ones
"ie mene sep npn sense ane ais
luce unite. Ta uf tse unis ean e egatdc as essansions af singh
tons aber 3.
1) Pole whe vn ls hes fmprson esp
{iy tle dow frp a te
{hese it are salted prow Sle at on oe gro it eunttine
nip vor ft gata vay ay To, hi nn
“tc nae yg cach of hic canal of &vanber of mons
‘netoretyofsaying thi sth to wee ae wats which ae cane
cot Te ron he herp ave ure wile constaats of
Wye sce Th eo ul Figur Ut
Further nasem of sygaszation cea be sseenise within the groupe
“These wl. be dca with when the nla sucks 0 he eres pee
pope ate eartel. I ienol necapary hr eonerne rk Bece
wp ont or
Wis mecssary. Rewer Ue soeegize au adcnl rah beeaeoe erp
and sentence, Take, fr example, the lowing senterry
(84 Sheela bh fan ahr Ea
‘The te undeinos uiteo called elapse. Uns stn come of
to ches, ech af hich cones ener af ret ern
fetoesngiter map terf ay alien Ha The woul a
Sih ea cnnlaaction a join th foo sles, dose ntl elt 6
‘ther clus :lteagh 1 conventionally conrad belonging he
Thy, ales his ck el ken savant Gran siti
cot. wird, rep, clause, sal seaence,
al Engin grammar
ee
oa oe a ecw ou oe
prdtater de
Figure 1.2. Sentnse, ase, group, ad won,
1A Claes
tei un (Sand up (Va meso wont eae aa
sent aeputis frou, The won etesee ean bs boa seo
ng 1 hola
ve Hao
‘The une claseabsle areal une bel eons Thu. aunber 4
opt fw ge ease 68 mou groupe Nae shan ah
sh gro (8
“Pwo otis aj wd cess cre njeete (Aaland adverh {Ad} ans
Ine se lok ele al el Label Te ip, fee
Some basiv courepes 7
(6) nets fn vera ave
(0) see weir Ph gn ath
Luny Sone of my ae na ay ng to
1:1) ately the staan fs cage frame Bate
12) svat en Anan pce
113) Al fsb eset fe aks gh wa
ht el pron. asa fe, sf td ae nga a aegory
Ad Phrasos
Where the eum grow fu et ued Lai, soe gars use Ts
phrane, foc exsarle ac prs ad aeriid phone Ra rou StO0P
Epa noc soup. Het sn sk ie sy Mad a pase WE
Sevpaize J the peepostgnal pease.
SNdsar Seanedon ert he nade betes eoups al pases ahs
previcin cvanpies nf romps ane, «grup oan be ong af 39
Pata wots pirates we ice ke x saielse Yn example
‘pe duoming clauses fon aos gro Flos by a wou gp Phe
tanger fanchions hae sl We caed Uo ect,
tne nyc ot ae Pig ot wa
A mepovinmal tre asa coral toe. wi prepositions
sda ton tan th hgh i da oF ce
seer rsa nie of ae tty mene 2 func by 3
Frodo net For essa:
tna ros
