Table Of ContentThe Handbook
of Environmental Chemistry
Editor-in-Chief: O.Hutzinger
Volume5 Water Pollution
PartR
AdvisoryBoard:
D.Barceló·P.Fabian·H.Fiedler·H.Frank·J.P.Giesy·R.A.Hites
M.A.K.Khalil·D.Mackay·A.H.Neilson·J.Paasivirta·H.Parlar
S.H.Safe·P.J.Wangersky
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
RecentlyPublishedandForthcoming Volumes
EnvironmentalSpecimenBanking EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrialand
VolumeEditors:S.A.WiseandP.P.R.Becker MunicipalWaste
Vol.3/S VolumeEditors:D.BarcelóandM.Petrovic
Vol.5/S
Polymers:ChancesandRisks
VolumeEditors:P.Eyerer,M.Weller MarineOrganicMatter:Biomarkers,
andC.Hübner IsotopesandDNA
Vol.3/V VolumeEditor:J.K.Volkman
Vol.2/N,2005
TheRhine
VolumeEditor:T.P.Knepper EnvironmentalPhotochemistryPartII
Vol.5/L,03.2006 VolumeEditors:P.Boule,D.Bahnemann
andP.Robertson
PersistentOrganicPollutants Vol.2/M,2005
intheGreatLakes
VolumeEditor:R.A.Hites AirQualityinAirplaneCabins
Vol.5/N,2006 andSimilarEnclosedSpaces
VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking
AntifoulingPaintBiocides Vol.4/H,2005
VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou
Vol.5/O,2006 EnvironmentalEffects
ofMarineFinfishAquaculture
Estuaries VolumeEditor:B.T.Hargrave
VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol.5/M,2005
Vol.5/H,2006
TheMediterraneanSea
TheCaspianSeaEnvironment VolumeEditor:A.Saliot
VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev Vol.5/K,2005
Vol.5/P,2005
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofRecycled
TheBlackSeaEnvironment WastesonSurfaceandGroundWaters
VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev EngineeringModelingandSustainability
Vol.5/Q VolumeEditor:T.A.Kassim
Vol.5/F(3Vols.),2005
OxidantsandAntioxidantDefenseSystems
VolumeEditor:T.Grune
Vol.2/O,2005
Fuel Oxygenates
Volume Editor: Damià Barceló
Withcontributionsby
E.Arvin·A.Babé·D.Barceló·L.Bastiaens·C.Baus·H.-J.Brauch
L.Debor·J.Fawell·F.Fayolle-Guichard·A.Fischer·C.W.Greer
M.M.Häggblom·M.A.Jochmann·D.Labbé·S.Lacorte
M.Martienssen·D.McGregor·F.Monot·M.Moran·C.Oehm
H.-H.Richnow·M.Rosell·M.Schirmer·J.E.Schmidt
T.C.Schmidt·C.Stefan·H.D.Stupp·P.Werner·C.K.Waul
123
Environmentalchemistryisaratheryoungandinterdisciplinaryfieldofscience.Itsaimisacomplete
descriptionoftheenvironmentandoftransformationsoccurringonalocalorglobalscale.Environ-
mentalchemistryalsogivesanaccountoftheimpactofman’sactivitiesonthenaturalenvironmentby
describingobservedchanges.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryprovidesthecompilationoftoday’sknowledge.Contribu-
tionsarewrittenbyleadingexpertswithpracticalexperienceintheirfields.TheHandbookwillgrow
withtheincreaseinourscientificunderstandingandshouldprovideavaluablesourcenotonlyfor
scientists,butalsoforenvironmentalmanagersanddecision-makers.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryispublishedinaseriesoffivevolumes:
Volume1:TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCycles
Volume2:ReactionsandProcesses
Volume3:AnthropogenicCompounds
Volume4:AirPollution
Volume5:WaterPollution
TheseriesVolume1TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCyclesdescribesthenatural
environmentandgivesanaccountoftheglobalcyclesforelementsandclassesofnaturalcompounds.
TheseriesVolume2ReactionsandProcessesisanaccountofphysicaltransport,andchemicaland
biologicaltransformationsofchemicalsintheenvironment.
The series Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds describes synthetic compounds, and compound
classesaswellaselementsandnaturallyoccurringchemicalentitieswhicharemobilizedbyman’s
activities.
TheseriesVolume4AirPollutionandVolume5WaterPollutiondealwiththedescriptionofcivilization’s
effectsontheatmosphereandhydrosphere.
Withintheindividualseriesarticlesdonotappearinapredeterminedsequence.Instead,weinvite
contributorsasourknowledgematuresenoughtowarrantahandbookarticle.
SuggestionsfornewtopicsfromthescientificcommunitytomembersoftheAdvisoryBoardortothe
Publisherareverywelcome.
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007927987
ISSN1433-6863
ISBN978-3-540-72640-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-72641-8
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial
isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad-
casting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationof
thispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw
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SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia
springer.com
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007
Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsence
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TypesettingandProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig
Printedonacid-freepaper 02/3180YL–543210
Editor-in-Chief
Prof.em.Dr.OttoHutzinger
UniversitätBayreuth
c/oBadIschlOffice
Grenzweg22
5351Aigen-Vogelhub,Austria
[email protected]
VolumeEditor
Prof.Dr.DamiàBarceló
Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry
IIQAB-CSIC
JordiGirona,18–26
08034Barcelona,Spain
[email protected]
AdvisoryBoard
Prof.Dr.D.Barceló Prof.Dr.J.P.Giesy
Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry DepartmentofZoology
IIQAB-CSIC MichiganStateUniversity
JordiGirona,18–26 EastLansing,MI48824-1115,USA
08034Barcelona,Spain [email protected]
[email protected]
Prof.Dr.R.A.Hites
Prof.Dr.P.Fabian
IndianaUniversity
LehrstuhlfürBioklimatologie SchoolofPublic
undImmissionsforschung andEnvironmentalAffairs
derUniversitätMünchen Bloomington,IN47405,USA
Hohenbachernstraße22 [email protected]
85354Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany
Prof.Dr.M.A.K.Khalil
Dr.H.Fiedler
DepartmentofPhysics
ScientificAffairsOffice PortlandStateUniversity
UNEPChemicals ScienceBuildingII,Room410
11–13,chemindesAnémones P.O.Box751
1219Châteleine(GE),Switzerland Portland,OR97207-0751,USA
hfi[email protected] [email protected]
Prof.Dr.H.Frank Prof.Dr.D.Mackay
LehrstuhlfürUmwelttechnik DepartmentofChemicalEngineering
undÖkotoxikologie andAppliedChemistry
UniversitätBayreuth UniversityofToronto
Postfach101251 Toronto,ON,M5S1A4,Canada
95440Bayreuth,Germany
VI
Prof.Dr.A.H.Neilson Prof.Dr.S.H.Safe
SwedishEnvironmentalResearchInstitute DepartmentofVeterinary
P.O.Box21060 PhysiologyandPharmacology
10031Stockholm,Sweden CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine
[email protected] TexasA&MUniversity
CollegeStation,TX77843-4466,USA
Prof.Dr.J.Paasivirta [email protected]
DepartmentofChemistry
Prof.P.J.Wangersky
UniversityofJyväskylä
Survontie9 UniversityofVictoria
P.O.Box35 CentreforEarthandOceanResearch
40351Jyväskylä,Finland P.O.Box1700
Victoria,BC,V8W3P6,Canada
Prof.Dr.Dr.H.Parlar [email protected]
InstitutfürLebensmitteltechnologie
undAnalytischeChemie
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen
85350Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany
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Preface
EnvironmentalChemistryisarelativelyyoungscience.Interestinthissubject,
however,isgrowingveryrapidlyand,althoughnoagreementhasbeenreached
as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline,
there appears tobe increasing interest in seeing environmental topicswhich
are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives
of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of
naturalchemicalprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment.Amajorpurpose
ofthisseriesonEnvironmentalChemistry,therefore,istopresentareasonably
uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and
chemicalreactionsoccurringintheenvironment.
The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ-
mental Chemistry. We have nowsynthesized and described over five million
chemicalcompoundsandchemicalindustryproducesabouthundredandfifty
milliontonsofsyntheticchemicalsannually.Weshipbillionsoftonsofoilper
yearandthroughminingoperationsandothergeophysicalmodifications,large
quantities ofinorganic andorganicmaterials arereleased fromtheir natural
deposits.Citiesandmetropolitanareasofupto15millioninhabitantsproduce
large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the
chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into
theenvironmenteitherduringproduction,storage,transport,useorultimate
disposal.Thesereleased materials participateinnaturalcyclesandreactions
andfrequentlyleadtointerferenceanddisturbanceofnaturalsystems.
EnvironmentalChemistryisconcernedwithreactionsintheenvironment.
Itisaboutdistributionandequilibriabetweenenvironmentalcompartments.
Itisabout reactions, pathways, thermodynamicsandkinetics. Animportant
purpose of this Handbook, is to aid understanding of the basic distribution
andchemicalreactionprocesseswhichoccurintheenvironment.
Lawsregulatingtoxicsubstancesinvariouscountriesaredesignedtoassess
and controlrisk ofchemicals toman andhisenvironment. Science cancon-
tributeintwoareastothisassessment;firstlyintheareaoftoxicologyandsec-
ondlyintheareaofchemicalexposure.Theavailableconcentration(“environ-
mentalexposureconcentration”)dependsonthefateofchemicalcompounds
intheenvironmentandthustheirdistributionandreactionbehaviourinthe
environment.OneveryimportantcontributionofEnvironmentalChemistryto
X Preface
theabovementionedtoxicsubstanceslawsistodeveloplaboratorytestmeth-
ods,ormathematicalcorrelationsandmodelsthatpredicttheenvironmental
fateofnewchemicalcompounds.ThethirdpurposeofthisHandbookistohelp
inthebasicunderstandinganddevelopmentofsuchtestmethodsandmodels.
ThelastexplicitpurposeoftheHandbookistopresent,inconciseform,the
most important properties relating to environmental chemistry and hazard
assessmentforthemostimportantseriesofchemicalcompounds.
AtthemomentthreevolumesoftheHandbookareplanned.Volume1deals
withthenaturalenvironmentandthebiogeochemicalcyclestherein, includ-
ing somebackgroundinformationsuchasenergetics andecology.Volume 2
isconcernedwithreactionsandprocessesintheenvironmentanddealswith
physicalfactorssuchastransportandadsorption,andchemical,photochem-
ical and biochemical reactions in the environment, as well as some aspects
ofpharmacokineticsandmetabolismwithinorganisms.Volume3dealswith
anthropogeniccompounds,theirchemicalbackgrounds,productionmethods
and information about their use, their environmental behaviour, analytical
methodologyandsomeimportantaspectsoftheirtoxiceffects.Thematerial
forvolume1,2and3waseachmorethancouldeasilybefittedintoasinglevol-
ume,andforthisreason,aswellasforthepurposeofrapidpublicationofavail-
ablemanuscripts,allthreevolumesweredividedinthepartsAandB.PartAof
allthreevolumesisnowbeingpublishedandthesecondpartofeachofthese
volumesshouldappearaboutsixmonthsthereafter.Publisherandeditorhope
tokeepmaterialsofthevolumesonetothreeuptodateandtoextendcoverage
inthesubjectareasbypublishingfurtherpartsinthefuture.Plansalsoexistfor
volumesdealingwithdifferentsubjectmattersuchasanalysis,chemicaltech-
nology and toxicology, and readers are encouraged to offer suggestions and
adviceastofutureeditionsof“TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry”.
Mostchapters intheHandbookarewrittentoafairly advanced level and
shouldbeofinteresttothegraduatestudentandpractisingscientist.Ialsohope
thatthesubject mattertreatedwillbeofinteresttopeopleoutsidechemistry
and toscientists in industry aswell asgovernment and regulatorybodies. It
wouldbeverysatisfyingformetoseethebooksusedasabasisfordeveloping
graduatecoursesinEnvironmentalChemistry.
Duetothebreadthofthesubjectmatter,itwasnoteasytoeditthisHand-
book.Specialistshadtobefoundinquitedifferentareasofsciencewhowere
willingtocontributeachapterwithintheprescribedschedule.Itiswithgreat
satisfactionthatIthankall52authorsfrom8countriesfortheirunderstanding
andfordevotingtheirtimetothiseffort.SpecialthanksareduetoDr.F.Boschke
ofSpringerforhisadviceanddiscussionsthroughoutallstagesofpreparation
oftheHandbook.Mrs.A.HeinrichofSpringerhassignificantlycontributedto
thetechnicaldevelopmentofthebookthroughherconscientiousandefficient
work.FinallyIliketothankmyfamily,studentsandcolleaguesforbeingsopa-
tientwithmeduringseveralcriticalphasesofpreparationfortheHandbook,
andtosomecolleaguesandthesecretariesfortechnicalhelp.
