Fuel cell fundamentals

603 Pages·2006·64.33 MB·English

by  O'Hayre

FUEL CELL FUNDAMENTALS
Third Edition
RYAN O’HAYRE
DepartmentofMetallurgicalandMaterialsEngineering
ColoradoSchoolofMines
[PhD,MaterialsScienceandEngineering,StanfordUniversity]
SUK-WON CHA
SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering
SeoulNationalUniversity
[PhD,MechanicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity]
WHITNEY G. COLELLA
TheG.W.C.WhitingSchoolofEngineering,andTheEnergy,Environment,
SustainabilityandHealthInstitute
TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity
GaiaEnergyResearchInstitute
[Doctorate,EngineeringScience,TheUniversityofOxford]
FRITZ B. PRINZ
R.H.AdamsProfessorofEngineering
DepartmentsofMechanicalEngineeringandMaterialScienceandEngineering
StanfordUniversity
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
NOMENCLATURE xvii
I FUELCELLPRINCIPLES
1 Introduction 3
1.1 WhatIsaFuelCell? / 3
1.2 ASimpleFuelCell / 6
1.3 FuelCellAdvantages / 8
1.4 FuelCellDisadvantages / 11
1.5 FuelCellTypes / 12
1.6 BasicFuelCellOperation / 14
1.7 FuelCellPerformance / 18
1.8 CharacterizationandModeling / 20
1.9 FuelCellTechnology / 21
1.10 FuelCellsandtheEnvironment / 21
1.11 ChapterSummary / 22
ChapterExercises / 23
v
vi CONTENTS
2 FuelCellThermodynamics 25
2.1 ThermodynamicsReview / 25
2.2 HeatPotentialofaFuel:EnthalpyofReaction / 34
2.3 WorkPotentialofaFuel:GibbsFreeEnergy / 37
2.4 PredictingReversibleVoltageofaFuelCellunderNon-Standard-State
Conditions / 47
2.5 FuelCellEfficiency / 60
2.6 ThermalandMassBalancesinFuelCells / 65
2.7 ThermodynamicsofReversibleFuelCells / 67
2.8 ChapterSummary / 71
ChapterExercises / 72
3 FuelCellReactionKinetics 77
3.1 IntroductiontoElectrodeKinetics / 77
3.2 WhyChargeTransferReactionsHaveanActivationEnergy / 82
3.3 ActivationEnergyDeterminesReactionRate / 84
3.4 CalculatingNetRateofaReaction / 85
3.5 RateofReactionatEquilibrium:ExchangeCurrentDensity / 86
3.6 PotentialofaReactionatEquilibrium:GalvaniPotential / 87
3.7 PotentialandRate:Butler–VolmerEquation / 89
3.8 ExchangeCurrentsandElectrocatalysis:HowtoImproveKinetic
Performance / 94
3.9 SimplifiedActivationKinetics:TafelEquation / 97
3.10 DifferentFuelCellReactionsProduceDifferentKinetics / 100
3.11 Catalyst–ElectrodeDesign / 103
3.12 QuantumMechanics:FrameworkforUnderstanding
CatalysisinFuelCells / 104
3.13 TheSabatierPrincipleforCatalystSelection / 107
3.14 ConnectingtheButler–VolmerandNernstEquations(Optional) / 108
3.15 ChapterSummary / 112
ChapterExercises / 113
4 FuelCellChargeTransport 117
4.1 ChargesMoveinResponsetoForces / 117
4.2 ChargeTransportResultsinaVoltageLoss / 121
4.3 CharacteristicsofFuelCellChargeTransportResistance / 124
4.4 PhysicalMeaningofConductivity / 128
4.5 ReviewofFuelCellElectrolyteClasses / 132
CONTENTS vii
4.6 MoreonDiffusivityandConductivity(Optional) / 153
4.7 WhyElectricalDrivingForcesDominateChargeTransport(Optional) / 160
4.8 QuantumMechanics–BasedSimulationofIonConductioninOxide
Electrolytes(Optional) / 161
4.9 ChapterSummary / 163
ChapterExercises / 164
5 FuelCellMassTransport 167
5.1 TransportinElectrodeversusFlowStructure / 168
5.2 TransportinElectrode:DiffusiveTransport / 170
5.3 TransportinFlowStructures:ConvectiveTransport / 183
5.4 ChapterSummary / 199
ChapterExercises / 200
6 FuelCellModeling 203
6.1 PuttingItAllTogether:ABasicFuelCellModel / 203
6.2 A1DFuelCellModel / 206
6.3 FuelCellModelsBasedonComputationalFluidDynamics(Optional) / 227
6.4 ChapterSummary / 230
ChapterExercises / 231
7 FuelCellCharacterization 237
7.1 WhatDoWeWanttoCharacterize? / 238
7.2 OverviewofCharacterizationTechniques / 239
7.3 InSituElectrochemicalCharacterizationTechniques / 240
7.4 ExSituCharacterizationTechniques / 265
7.5 ChapterSummary / 268
ChapterExercises / 269
II FUELCELLTECHNOLOGY
8 OverviewofFuelCellTypes 273
8.1 Introduction / 273
8.2 PhosphoricAcidFuelCell / 274
8.3 PolymerElectrolyteMembraneFuelCell / 275
8.4 AlkalineFuelCell / 278
8.5 MoltenCarbonateFuelCell / 280
viii CONTENTS
8.6 Solid-OxideFuelCell / 282
8.7 OtherFuelCells / 284
8.8 SummaryComparison / 298
8.9 ChapterSummary / 299
ChapterExercises / 301
9 PEMFCandSOFCMaterials 303
9.1 PEMFCElectrolyteMaterials / 304
9.2 PEMFCElectrode/CatalystMaterials / 308
9.3 SOFCElectrolyteMaterials / 317
9.4 SOFCElectrode/CatalystMaterials / 326
9.5 MaterialStability,Durability,andLifetime / 336
9.6 ChapterSummary / 340
ChapterExercises / 342
10 OverviewofFuelCellSystems 347
10.1 FuelCellSubsystem / 348
10.2 ThermalManagementSubsystem / 353
10.3 FuelDelivery/ProcessingSubsystem / 357
10.4 PowerElectronicsSubsystem / 364
10.5 CaseStudyofFuelCellSystemDesign:StationaryCombinedHeat
andPowerSystems / 369
10.6 CaseStudyofFuelCellSystemDesign:SizingaPortableFuelCell / 383
10.7 ChapterSummary / 387
ChapterExercises / 389
11 FuelProcessingSubsystemDesign 393
11.1 FuelReformingOverview / 394
11.2 WaterGasShiftReactors / 409
11.3 CarbonMonoxideClean-Up / 411
11.4 ReformerandProcessorEfficiencyLosses / 414
11.5 ReactorDesignforFuelReformersandProcessors / 416
11.6 ChapterSummary / 417
ChapterExercises / 419