Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research: Anti-Cancer Agent

223 Pages·2021·9.886 MB·English

by  Atta-ur-Rahman

Frontiers in Clinical Drug
Research - Anti-Cancer Agents
(Volume 7)
Edited By
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
Kings College,
University of Cambridge,
Cambridge,
UK
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Anti-Cancer Agents
Volume # 7
Editor: Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
ISSN (Online): 2215-0803
ISSN (Print): 2451-8905
ISBN (Online): 978-1-68108-775-7
ISBN (Print): 978-1-68108-776-4
ISBN (Paperback): 978-1-68108-777-1
©2021, Bentham eBooks imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers – Sharjah, UAE. All Rights Reserved.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER 1 ESSENTIAL OILS AND MONOTERPENES AS POTENTIAL ANTI-CANCER
AGENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Julia Pérez-Ramos, Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa, Roberto Serrano, Cuauhtemoc Pérez and
Salud Pérez
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 25
CANCER CELL LINE ................................................................................................................... 26
ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 26
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 27
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 27
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 27
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 2 A GLANCE AT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND EMERGING
IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF GLIOBLASTOMA ... 37
Greta Varchi, Marzia Bruna Gariboldi and Claudia Ferroni
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 38
GLIOBLASTOMA STANDARD TREATMENT ....................................................................... 42
IMMUNOTHERAPY IN GBM ..................................................................................................... 43
Immunomodulator Therapy .................................................................................................... 49
Passive Immunotherapy: Current State of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Adoptive
Therapy ................................................................................................................................... 51
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) ........................................................................... 51
Adoptive Cell Therapy ................................................................................................... 53
Current Vaccine Trials in GBM .............................................................................................. 54
Dendritic Cell Vaccine .................................................................................................. 54
Peptide Vaccine ............................................................................................................. 55
Heat Shock Protein-based Vaccine ............................................................................... 56
Combination Strategies ........................................................................................................... 56
Checkpoint Inhibitors Combination Therapy ................................................................ 56
Different Combination Strategies Targeting Other Immunotherapeutic Pathways ..... 59
DRUG DELIVERY-BASED APPROACH .................................................................................. 59
Pre-clinical Studies on Brain-targeted Nanocarriers ............................................................... 62
Clinical Studies on Brain-targeted Nanocarriers .................................................................... 66
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ADVANCES ............................................................................. 68
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 69
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 69
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 3 CTDNA IN SOLID TUMORS: ROLE IN DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 82
Sevgi Akaydin, Ece Miser Salihoğlu and Dolunay Merve Fakioğlu
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 82
BREAST CANCER ........................................................................................................................ 86
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker of Breast Cancer ................................................................ 86
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker of Breast Cancer ................................................................. 88
ctDNA in the Targeted Therapy of Breast Cancer .................................................................. 89
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER ....................................................................................... 91
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ........................................ 92
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ........................................ 92
ctDNA in the Targeted Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ......................................... 94
COLORECTAL CANCER ............................................................................................................ 96
Epigenetic Markers as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer ................................... 97
ctDNA as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer ....................................................... 97
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer ......................................................... 99
Predictive ctDNA Markers in Colorectal Cancer ................................................................... 99
PROSTATE CANCER ................................................................................................................... 103
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker in Prostate Cancer .............................................................. 103
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate Cancer .............................................................. 104
Predictive ctDNA Markers in Prostate Cancer ....................................................................... 105
OTHER TUMORS ......................................................................................................................... 106
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ............................................................................................ 106
Head and Neck Cancer Squamous Cell Carcinoma ................................................................ 108
Ovarian Cancer ....................................................................................................................... 111
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 113
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 114
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 114
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 114
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 114
CHAPTER 4 PITAVASTATIN AND CANCER: CURRENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ...... 132
Saeb Aliwaini
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 132
PITAVASTATIN: THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND ................................................................. 134
ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES OF PITAVASTATIN .............................................................. 135
Antitumor Effects of Pitavastatin In Vitro ............................................................................. 135
Anti-proliferative Effect of Pitavastatin ........................................................................ 136
Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest ....................................................................................... 137
Apoptosis Activation ...................................................................................................... 138
Activation of Autophagy ................................................................................................ 139
Anti-migration Effect ..................................................................................................... 141
Anti-inflammatory Effect ............................................................................................... 141
Antitumor Effects of Pitavastatin In Vivo .............................................................................. 142
Chemical Carcinogenesis Studies ................................................................................. 143
Tumor Xenograft Studies ............................................................................................... 144
PITAVASTATIN TARGETS CELLULAR PATHWAYS ......................................................... 145
LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 146
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ....................................................................... 147
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 148
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 148
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 148
CHAPTER 5 CHOLESTEROL: A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR INTERVENTION IN ANTI-
CANCER THERAPY ............................................................................................................................. 154
Nimai Chand Chandra, Amar Preet Kaur, Ayantika Talukdar, Nimisha Saxena
and Shrimanjunath Sankanagoudar
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 155
POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS ............................................................................................ 157
Potential Carcinogenic Effect ................................................................................................. 157
Polycyclic Cholesterol: A Perspective on Cell Proliferation and Carcinogenicity ................. 157
TRANSMEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTERS ................................................... 159
Plasma Membrane Transporter: LDLR .................................................................................. 159
Mitochondrial Membrane Transporter: StAR and PBR ......................................................... 159
Nuclear Membrane Transporter: PBR .................................................................................... 160
INTER-CORRELATION BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTERS AND CELL
PROLIFERATION ......................................................................................................................... 162
INTRACELLULAR CHOLESTEROL, CELL CYCLE ACTIVITY AND CELL
PROLIFERATION ......................................................................................................................... 163
CHOLESTEROL: A STEER TO CELL CYCLE ACTIVITY AND CELL
PROLIFERATION ......................................................................................................................... 163
CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS IN CANCER TUMOUR CELLS .................................... 167
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Leukemia .................................................................................... 168
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Prostate Carcinoma .................................................................... 169
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Breast Carcinoma ....................................................................... 170
REPROGRAMMED CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN CANCER CELLS .................... 171
IMMUNE CELL SUPPRESSION BY CARCINOGEN AND CARCINOMA ......................... 173
Does Carcinogen Target Cholesterol to Abrogate Immune Cells? ......................................... 174
Effect of Carcinogen on T-Cell Immunity and the Role of Cholesterol ................................. 175
Effect of Carcinogen on B-cell Immunity and the Role of Cholesterol ................................. 176
BIPHASIC ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL IN PROMOTING TUMOR CELL
PROLIFERATION AND TUMOR DEFENSIVE IMMUNE CELL DEATH ......................... 177
ANTI-CANCER ANTI-CHOLESTEROL TARGET ................................................................. 179
ANTI-CANCER DRUG TARGETS: PREVENTION AGAINST INIMICAL DOUBLE-
EDGED REPROGRAMMED CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS ......................................... 180
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 184
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 185
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 185
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 185
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 185
SUBJECT INDEX .................................................................................................................................... 202
i
PREFACE
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents presents recent developments of
various therapeutic approaches against different types of cancer. The book is a valuable
resource for pharmaceutical scientists, postgraduate students, and researchers seeking updated
and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in anti-
cancer research.
The five chapters in this volume are written by eminent authorities in the field. Chapter 1
presents the latest research progress in the use of essential oils and monoterpenes as anti-
cancer agents. Chapter 2 gives an overview of current innovative approaches to glioblastoma,
focusing on the therapeutic benefits of immunotherapeutic agents and drug delivery systems.
Chapter 3 summarizes the roles of ctDNA in clinical practice for diagnosis, treatment choices
and responses to therapy in various solid cancers. Chapter 4 focuses on the anti-cancer effects
of pitavastatin, including its mechanism of action as well as the potential adverse reactions
linked to its clinical use. Chapter 5 discusses the biphasic role of cholesterol, in and around
the cancer tumor, as a model target for anti-cancer therapeutic management.
I hope that the readers will find these reviews valuable and thought-provoking so that they
may trigger further research in the quest for new and novel therapies against cancers.
I am grateful for the timely efforts made by the editorial personnel, especially Mr. Mahmood
Alam (Director Publications) and Mrs. Salma Sarfaraz (Senior Manager Publications) at
Bentham Science Publishers.
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
Kings College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
ii
List of Contributors
Amar Preet Kaur Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Gorakhpur, India
Ayantika Talukdar Division of Genetics and Development, University Health Network, Toronto,
Canada
Claudia Ferroni Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of
Insubria, Varese, Italy
Cuauhtemoc Pérez Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-
litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de
México, México
Dolunay Merve Fakioğlu Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara,
Turkey
Ece Miser Salihoğlu Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara,
Turkey
Greta Varchi Italian National Research Council, Institute of Organic Synthesis and
Photoreactivity (ISOF), Bologna, Italy
Julia Pérez-Ramos Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-
litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de
México, México
Marzia Bruna Gariboldi Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of
Insubria, Varese, Italy
Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-
litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de
México, México
Nimisha Saxena Department of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur,
Mathura, India
Nimai Chand Chandra Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna,
India
Roberto Serrano Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-
litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de
México, México
Salud Pérez Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-
litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de
México, México
Shrimanjunath Department of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur,
Sankanagoudar Jodhpur, India
Saeb Aliwaini Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences,
Islamic University of Gaza, Rimal Street, Gaza 108, Palestine
Sevgi Akaydin Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara,
Turkey