Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Volume 2: Kamakura and Muromachi Periods

372 Pages·1976·9.798 MB·English

by  Daigan Matsunaga, Alicia Matsunaga

FOUNDATION
OF
JAPANESE BUDDHISM

FOUNDATION
OF
JAPANESE BUDDHISM
VOL. II
THE MASS MOVEMENT
(Kamakura & Muromachi Periods)
BY
ALICIA MATSUNAGA Ph.D.
DAIGAN MATSUNAGA Ph.D.
BUDDHIST BOOKS INTERNATIONAL
LOS ANGELES-TOKYO
Copyright © Eikyöji Foundation 1976
all rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Matsunaga, Daigan.
Foundation of Japanese Buddhism.
Bibliography: v. 1, p. [27i]-275.; v. 2, p. 372
Includes indexes.
CONTENTS: v. 1. The aristocratic age.—v. 2. The
mass movement (Kamakura & Muromachi periods)
i. Buddhism—Japan—History. I. Matsunaga, Alicia,
joint author. II. Tide.
BQ676.M39 294.3'o952 74-83654
ISBN 0-914910-27-2
Printed by Kenkyusha Printing Co.
Tokyo, Japan
TO
TAIE & KEI MATSUNAGA

CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
The Historical Setting, a Summary................................................ i
CHAPTER TWO : PURE LAND SECTS, THE PATH OF FAITH
A. Antecedents of the Pure Land Buddhist Movement.............. n
B. Yü2ü NembutsushO, Transmission by Revelation................. 12
1. Ryonin, the Founder........................................................... 12
2. Philosophy of the Yüzü Nembutsu.................................... 14
3. Restoration of Transmission by a Kami............................. 16
C. Theological Basis of the Jödoshü and Jödo Shinshü.............. 19
1. Historical Background and Transmission............................. 19
2. Textual Basis—The ‘ Triple Sutra........................................ 27
a. Larger Sukhâvatï-vyüha sütra (Daimuryôjukyo)................. 27
b. Amitäbha sütra (Amidakyö)................................................ 32
c. Meditation sütra (Kanmuryöjukyö) .................................... 32
3. Doctrine of the Pure Land or Realm of Purification.......... 35
4. Amida Nyorai....................................................................... 48
D. Jödoshü...................................................................................... 58
1. Honen, the Founder ........................................................... 58
2. Doctrinal Divisions among Hönen’s Disciples..................... 68
3. Later Developments—Foundation of the Chinzei and Seizan
Branches................................................................................. 78
E. Jödo Shinshü............................................................................... 85
1. Shinran, the Founder........................................................... 85
2. Faith and the Nembutsu........................................................ 95
3. Shinran’s Attitude Towards the Native Gods and Popular
Beliefs...................................................................................... 106
4. Institutional Foundation of Jödo Shinshü............................. m
Vi CONTENTS
5. Major Division of the Honganji Order................................. 124
6. The Schools of Jödo Shinsjiû ............................................ 125
F. Jishö........................................................................................ 127
1. Ippen, the Founder............................................................... 128
2. Philosophy of Jishü............................................................... 129
3. Foundation of the Ji Order.................................................... U1
CHAPTER THREE : NICHIRENSHÜ, FOLLOWERS OF THE
LOTUS
A. Nichiren, the Founder ............................................................ 137
B. Faith in the Daimoku............................................................... 156
1. Hongaku shiso (Theory of Original Enlightenment).............. 156
2. Role of the Lotus Sutra (Myôhôrengekyô)............................. 158
3. Nichiren’s Five-fold Interpretation of the Lotus.................. 159
4. Ichinen sanzen and the Three Secret Dharma..................... 161
5. Shodai jobutsu (Chanting the Daimoku and becoming a
Buddha).................................................................................. 164
C. Nichirens Attitude Towards the Native Gods and Other
Beliefs........................................................................................ 165
D. Development of the Nichiren Order..................................... 169
1. Honshô shakuretsu (Origin superior, Manifestation inferior) 175
2. Fuju-fuse and Shakubuku........................................................ 175
3. Hokke Ikki and Nichiren Activities in Kyoto..................... 178
4. Schools of Nichiren Followers............................................ 180
CHAPTER FOUR: ZEN, THE WAY OF MEDITATION
A. Rinzai Zen............................................................................. 183
1. Eisai, the First Transmitter.................................................... 183
2. Historical Background and Transmission............................. 192
3. Discovery of the True Nature and Attainment of Buddha-
hood (Kensho jöbutsu)..............................................................204
4. Natural Mind is the Way (Heijoshin koredo)............................207
•CONTENTS vii
5. Lin-chi’s True Man of No Rank........................................ 209
6. The Koan................................................................................ 211
7. Foundation of the Rinzai Order........................................
215
8. The Gozan (Five Mountain) Temple System..................... 223
9. Muromachi Zen Culture .................................................... 227
B. Sötö Zen.................................................................................. 233
1. Dogen, the Founder............................................................... 233
2. Dögen’s Interpretation of ‘Transmission Outside the Scrip­
tures’ (Kyogebetsuden)............................................................. 243
3. Practice Equals Attainment.................................................... 246
4. The Manifestation and Attainment of Ultimate Reality as
the Genjô Koan....................................................................... 247
5. All Existents are Buddha Nature........................................ 249
6. Foundation of the Sötö Order............................................ 255
7. Keizan Jökin, the ‘Second Patriarch’ ................................ 257
8. Reunification of the Sötö Order........................................ 259
C. Other Zen Movements........................................................... 260
1. Wanshi-ha.............................................................................. 260
2. Fuke-shü................................................................................ 261
3. Öbaku Zen............................................................................ 262
CHAPTER FIVE: ROLE OF THE OLDER SECTS DURING
THE KAMAKURA AND MUROMACHI PERIODS
A. Nara Buddhism....................................................................... 264
1. Transformation to Faith....................................................... 267
2. Activities of the Nara Sects.................................................... 273
B. Medieval Tendai....................................................................... 284
1. Sôhei violence........................................................................ 284
2. Theological Developments................................................... 288
3. Taimitsu.................................................................................. 290
4. Sannô Ichijitsu Shinto........................................................... 294
C. Shingon Development............................................................. 296
viii CONTENTS
1. Esoteric Centres.....................................................................296
2. Ryöbu Shügö Shintö............................................................ 300
CONCLUSION.................................................................................. 303
* * *
FOOTNOTES .................................................................................... 311
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................ 329
APPENDIX CHARTS .................................................................... 335
INDEX.................................................................................................. 345