Forensic Science, Volume 6, Second Edition (Handbook of Analytical Separations)

1047 Pages·2007·7.15 MB·English

by  Maciej J Bogusz

Forensic Science
Second Edition
HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS
Series Editor: ROGER M. SMITH
In this series:
Vol. 1: Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification
Edited by K. Valko´
Vol. 2: Forensic Science
Edited by M.J. Bogusz
Vol. 3: Environmental Analysis
Edited by W. Kleibo¨hmer
Vol. 4: Bioanalytical Separations
Edited by I.D. Wilson
Vol. 5: Drug Monitoring and Clinical Chemistry
Edited by G. Hempel
Vol. 6: Forensic Science (Second Edition)
Edited by M.J. Bogusz
HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS – VOLUME 6
Forensic Science
Second Edition
Edited by
M.J. BOGUSZ
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford
Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo
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v
Preface to the second edition
ThisbookisdedicatedtolateDr.IrvingSunshine,
TheGrandfatherofmodernforensictoxicology,
andteacherofmanygenerationsofus.
Themethodsandproceduresusedinforensicsciencesdependonthedevelopmentof
techniques having the highest possible reliability. Because of the importance and
consequencesoftheirexpertevidenceandtheirgreatsenseofresponsibility,forensic
scientistsoften adoptacritical andcautiousattitude tonewmethods.Nevertheless,
thisprofessionalcautiondoesnotpreventtheforensicsocietyfromrapidlyadopting
allthenewtechniquesthathavebeenprovedtobereliablescientifictoolsinvarious
disciplines.Inthesixyearsthathaveelapsedsincethepublicationofthefirstedition
of this volume, several such techniques have been widely implemented in forensic
practice, the skyrocketing popularity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
being the best example. Therefore, the need for this new edition was recognized by
the publisher, and it is hoped that it will be accepted by prospective readers.
Recent years have also seen an enormous growth in public interest in forensic
methods and disciplines, almost certainly stimulated by some spectacular criminal
cases. With this interest has also come an increase in expectations as can be seen in
varioustelevisionserialsandnovels,whichshowinfallibleforensicexpertswhosolve
all possible problems within hours, with the help of very complicated but also very
easymethods.Anotherimportantfactorthathasgivenrisetothisincreasinginterest
in forensic sciences is the worldwide spread of the most dangerous forms of
organized crime, such as international terrorism and drug trafficking. The general
publicfeelsthatforensicexpertsareintheforefrontofthefightagainsttheseplagues
of the modern world.
The general outline of this book has not changed: it is mainly devoted to the
analysis of the most important groups of drugs and poisons. However, some new
important fields have emerged in recent years. Therefore, in the part of the volume
devotedtoactualandemergingproblemsofforensictoxicology,newtopicsaredealt
with, such as the analytical aspects of alcohol markers, toxicology of herbal
vi Preface to the second edition
remedies, and pharmacogenomics applied to forensic toxicology. The previously
existing fields of application such as drugs and driving, the analysis of
unconventional matrices, doping analysis, and quality assurance have again been
covered, as in the previous edition.
Special emphasis in this edition has been placed on toxicological screening.
Analytical screening procedures are among the basic strategies of forensic
toxicology, and are presented in detail in six chapters, covering the most important
chromatographicmethods,suchasGC,GC-MS,HPLC,LC-MS,CE,andLC-ICP-
MS. Additionally, in each chapter dealing with particular groups of drugs,
preliminary methods (mainly immunoassays) are presented along with separation
methods.Thismightlookoutofplaceinavolumedevotedtoanalyticalseparations,
but in forensic practice it is impossible to separate preliminary methods like
immunoassays, from the confirmative ones like chromatographic procedures.
Inthepartofthebookdevotedtoforensicchemistry,theanalysisofexplosives,of
chemicalwarfareagents,offiredebrisinarsoncasesandwritingmediaispresented.
The book concludes with chapters dealing with forensic genetics applied to the
identification of individuals and biological traces.
Thechoiceoftopicsandthehighlightingofparticularproblemsisalwaysamatter
of subjective preference by the person responsible, in this case the editor. He must
acceptthecriticismthatisunavoidablycausedbyomittingsomeimportantthemes,
but it must be kept in mind that forensic science is such a multi-faceted discipline
that it is not possible to cover everything in a single volume, however large.
The authors of the chapters are the pioneers in their fields, both as scientists and
ascaseexperts.Theirwisdom,knowledge,experience,andveryactivecollaboration
has made this work possible. As an editor, I feel very happy and honored to have
had the opportunity of working with such a distinguished team.
I would like to express my thanks to Roger M. Smith, Series Editor, and to
Elsevier Science Publishing, for entrusting me with this volume again, and for all
their support during the entire preparation process.
Maciej J.Bogusz
vii
Preface to the first edition
‘‘Workisalwaysplaywhenyoufollowyourheart,butafterthefirstburstofideasitbecamea
game.’’MichaelHawley,Cambridge,MA,1997.
The term ‘‘forensic’’ has a double meaning. In the most popular sense, forensic
science is understood as a particular scientific discipline (medicine, toxicology or
chemistry) that is applied for the needs of civil or criminal law. Therefore, an ob-
vioussynonymofforensicmedicineislegalmedicine.Inabroaderanddeepersense,
all ‘‘forensic’’ disciplines belong to forum, i.e. are subjected–more than any other
scientificactivities–topublicdebateandpubliccontrol.Forensicexpertsareobliged
toexplainthesmallestdetailsofthemethodsused,tosubstantiatethechoiceofthe
applied technique and to give their unbiased conclusions–all under the critical and
often mistrustful look of the servants of Justice, as well as the general public, in-
cludingthemedia.Thefinalresultoftheworkofforensicscientists–expertevidence–
exerts a direct influence on the fate of a given individual. This burden is a most
important stimulus, which determines the way of thinking and acting in forensic
sciences.
The purpose of this volume is to present critical, up-to-date information on the
separation methods applied in various disciplines of forensic science. The book
cannotandshouldnotreplaceascientificpaperinregardtothedepthandcoverage
of a specific problem. It should, however, present the relevant problems in statu
nascendi, showing their development, potential importance and future perspectives.
Thisbookwaswrittenbyforensicscientistsnotonlyforforensicscientists,butalso
for other colleagues interested in the particular analytical aspects of substances or
materials involved.
The general structure of this volume corresponds to the most important forensic
disciplinesthatapplyvariousseparationmethods,i.e.forensictoxicology,chemistry
and serohematology. The chapters devoted to forensic toxicology are focused on
particular groups of illicit and therapeutic drugs and other substances of forensic
interest. Also, some specific problems of forensic toxicology, such as drugs and
driving, doping control, quality assurance, chiral separations, use of alternative
matrices and general analytical strategy, are separately discussed. In the part
viii Preface to the first edition
devoted to forensic chemistry, the most important problems of the analysis of ex-
plosives, arson accelerants and writing media are individually covered. The part
concerningforensicidentificationofindividualsandbiological tracespresentsallof
the relevant separation techniques applied to endogenous macromolecules.
Thefocusofthisvolumeistheresponsibilityoftheeditor.Thechoiceofpresented
topics was not always obvious, taking into account the multifaceted world of fo-
rensic sciences. Nevertheless, it is sincerely hoped that the most relevant problems
are covered adequately and in proportion. The individual chapters were written by
scientists who not only carry out important scientific activity in their field but are
also known as very experienced forensic experts. Therefore, this volume gives not
only the information about the application of separation methods in forensics, but
also reflects theforensiccommunityitself.Forensic scientists areusuallypassionate
abouttheirwork,tryingtocreatenewmethodsortoadaptexistingmethodstotheir
ownneeds.Indoingso,theytendalwaystoputdownapersonalsignatureontheir
work. It was said once that forensic toxicologists would rather share a toothbrush,
than their analytical method. I believe that this is caused not, or not only, by
personalambition,butbytheconsciousnessthatthefinalresultsoftheworkmaybe
ofenormoussignificancetootherperson.Theanalysisreportmaydisruptaperson’s
professional and family life, may ruin the good name of an olympic champion or
maysimplysendsomebodytojail foralifetime. Therefore,thenameoftheplayof
forensic scientist may be: perfective tracking, but the game must be called: profes-
sional responsibility.
It is my very pleasant duty to express my sincere thanks to the Series Editor,
RogerM.Smith,whoentrustedmethisvolume,andallco-authorsfortheircreative
and timely collaboration.
IwishtoaddressmythankstoMs.ReinaBoltofElsevierScienceforherkindand
forgiving assistance during the whole editing procedure.
Maciej J. Bogusz
April 2000
ix
List of contributors
Rolf E. Aderjan, Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University
Hospital — Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg 69115 Heidelberg, VoXstr. 2,
Germany
Valery N. Aginsky, Riley, Welch & Aginsky, Forensic Documents Examinations,
Inc., P.O. Box 80225, Lansing, MI48908, USA
Mohammed Al-Tufail, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, MBC10, 11211,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
VanesaA´ lvarez-Iglesias,UnidaddeXene´tica,InstitutodeMedicinaLegal,Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Com-
postela, Spain
OlofBeck,DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofClinicalPharmacology,Karolinska
Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Gert De Boeck, Section of Toxicology, Federal Public Service Justice, National
Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (N.I.C.C.), Vilvoordsesteenweg 100,
1120 Brussels, Belgium
MaciejJ.Bogusz,DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratoryMedicine,KingFaisal
Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, MBC10, 11211, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
FedericaBortolotti,DepartmentofMedicineandPublicHealth,SectionofForensic
Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
Marı´a Brio´n, Grupo de Medicina Xeno´mica, CeGen-Institute of Legal Medicine,
University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain