Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume II, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs

1303 Pages·2013·3.82 MB·English

by  Kristin L Ahlberg et al.

FOREIGN
RELATIONS
OF THE
UNITED
STATES
1977–1980
VOLUME II
HUMAN RIGHTS
AND
HUMANITARIAN
AFFAIRS
DEPARTMENT
OF
STATE
Washington
Foreign Relations of the
United States, 1977–1980
Volume II
Human Rights
and
Humanitarian
Affairs
Editor Kristin L. Ahlberg
General Editor Adam M. Howard
UnitedStatesGovernment Printing Office
Washington
2013
DEPARTMENTOFSTATE
OfficeoftheHistorian
BureauofPublicAffairs
ForsalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice
Internet:bookstore.gpo.gov Phone:tollfree(866)512-1800; DCarea(202)512-1800
Fax:[phone]Mail:StopIDCC,Washington,DC20402-0001
339-370/428-S/80015
About the Series
TheForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStatesseriespresentstheofficial
documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and
significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The
HistorianoftheDepartmentofStateischargedwiththeresponsibility
forthepreparationoftheForeignRelationsseries.ThestaffoftheOffice
of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the
General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, com-
piles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B.
Kelloggfirstpromulgatedofficialregulationscodifyingspecificstand-
ardsfortheselectionandeditingofdocumentsfortheseriesonMarch
26,1925.Theseregulations,withminormodifications,guidedtheseries
through1991.
Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es-
tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series,
whichwassignedbyPresidentGeorgeH.W.BushonOctober28,1991.
Section198ofP.L.102–138addedanewTitleIVtotheDepartmentof
State’sBasicAuthoritiesAct of 1956(22U.S.C. 4351,etseq.).
ThestatuterequiresthattheForeignRelationsseriesbeathorough,
accurate,andreliablerecordofmajorUnitedStatesforeignpolicydeci-
sionsandsignificantUnitedStatesdiplomaticactivity.Thevolumesof
theseriesshouldincludeallrecordsneededtoprovidecomprehensive
documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of the
UnitedStatesGovernment.Thestatutealsoconfirms the editingprin-
ciples established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series is
guidedbytheprinciplesofhistoricalobjectivityandaccuracy;records
shouldnotbealteredordeletionsmadewithoutindicatinginthepub-
lishedtextthatadeletionhasbeenmade;thepublishedrecordshould
omitnofactsthatwereofmajorimportanceinreachingadecision;and
nothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect in
policy.ThestatutealsorequiresthattheForeignRelationsseriesbepub-
lishednotmorethan30yearsaftertheeventsrecorded.Theeditorsare
convinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol-
arlystandardsof selectionandediting.
Sources fortheForeignRelations Series
TheForeignRelations statuterequires thatthe published record in
theForeignRelationsseriesincludeallrecordsneededtoprovide com-
prehensive documentation of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and
significantU.S.diplomaticactivity.Itfurtherrequiresthatgovernment
III
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IV AbouttheSeries
agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en-
gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperate
withtheDepartmentofStatehistoriansbyprovidingfullandcomplete
accesstorecordspertinenttoforeignpolicydecisionsandactionsand
byprovidingcopiesofselectedrecords.Mostofthesourcesconsulted
inthepreparationofthisvolumehavebeendeclassifiedandareavail-
able for review at the National Archives and Record Administration
(ArchivesII),in CollegePark,Maryland.
Theeditorsof the ForeignRelations series have complete access to
alltheretiredrecordsandpapersoftheDepartmentofState:thecentral
filesoftheDepartment;thespecialdecentralizedfiles(‘‘lotfiles’’)ofthe
Departmentatthebureau,office,anddivisionlevels;thefilesoftheDe-
partment’sExecutiveSecretariat,whichcontaintherecordsofinterna-
tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with
foreignleadersbythePresidentandSecretaryofState,andthememo-
randaofconversationsbetweenthePresidentandtheSecretaryofState
and foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All of
theDepartment’scentralfilesfor 1977–1981 areavailable in electronic
or microfilm formats at Archives II, and may be accessed using the
Access to Archival Databases (AAD) tool. Almost all of the Depart-
ment’s decentralized office files covering this period, which the Na-
tionalArchivesdeemsworthyofpermanentretention,havebeentrans-
ferred to or are in the process of being transferred from the
Department’scustodytoArchives II.
ResearchforForeignRelationsvolumesisundertakenthroughspe-
cialaccesstorestricteddocumentsattheJimmyCarterPresidentialLi-
braryandotheragencies.Whileallthematerialprintedinthisvolume
hasbeendeclassified,someofitisextractedfromstill-classifieddocu-
ments. The staff of the Carter Library is processing and declassifying
manyofthedocumentsusedinthisvolume,buttheymaynotbeavail-
able in their entirety at the time of publication. Presidential papers
maintained and preserved at the Carter Library include some of the
most significant foreign-affairs related documentation from White
House offices, the Department of State, and other federal agencies in-
cludingtheNationalSecurityCouncil,theCentralIntelligenceAgency,
theDepartment of Defense, andthe JointChiefs of Staff.
EditorialMethodology
This volume is divided into three compilations: one compilation
on human rights policy, one compilation on world hunger and food
policy,andonecompilationonpopulationgrowth,waterpolicy,inter-
nationalhealth,andinternationalwomen’sissues.Withineachcompi-
lation, documents are presented chronologically according to Wash-
ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to the
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AbouttheSeries V
time and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memoran-
dumwas drafted.
EditorialtreatmentofthedocumentspublishedintheForeignRela-
tionsseriesfollowsOfficestyleguidelines,supplementedbyguidance
fromtheGeneralEditorandtheChiefoftheEditingandPublishingDi-
vision.Thedocumentsarereproducedasexactlyaspossible,including
marginalia or other notations, which are described in the footnotes.
Texts are transcribed and printed according to accepted conventions
for the publication of historical documents within the limitations of
modern typography. A heading has been supplied by the editors for
each document included in this volume. Spelling, capitalization, and
punctuation are retained as found in the original text, except that ob-
vious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakes and
omissionsindocumentsarecorrectedbybracketedinsertions:acorrec-
tionissetinitalictype;anadditioninromantype.Wordsrepeatedin
telegramstoavoidgarblingorprovideemphasisaresilentlycorrected.
Wordsandphrasesunderlinedinthesourcetextareprintedinitalics.
Abbreviationsandcontractions arepreserved asfound inthe original
text, and a list of abbreviations is included in the front matter of each
volume.
Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that
dealswithanunrelatedsubject(inromantype)orthatremainsclassi-
fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and,
where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has been
notedbyindicatingthenumberoflinesorpagesoftextthatwereomit-
ted.Entiredocumentswithheldfordeclassificationpurposeshavebeen
accountedforandarelistedwithheadings,sourcenotes,andnumber
ofpagesnotdeclassifiedintheirchronologicalplace.Allbracketsthat
appearintheoriginaltextaresoidentifiedinfootnotes.Allellipsesare
inthe originaldocuments.
Thefirstfootnotetoeachdocumentindicatesthesourceofthedoc-
ument, original classification, distribution, and drafting information.
This note also provides the background of important documents and
policies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad-
visersread the document.
Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent
materialnotprinted inthe volume, indicate the location of additional
documentary sources, provide references to important related docu-
mentsprintedinothervolumes,describekeyevents,andprovidesum-
mariesofandcitationstopublicstatementsthatsupplementandeluci-
date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs and
other first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple-
mentorexplicatethe official record.
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VI AbouttheSeries
Thenumbersintheindexrefertodocumentnumbersrather than
topagenumbers.
AdvisoryCommittee onHistoricalDiplomatic Documentation
The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-
tion,established under the ForeignRelations statute, reviews records,
advises,andmakesrecommendationsconcerningtheForeignRelations
series.TheAdvisoryCommitteemonitorstheoverallcompilationand
editorialprocessoftheseriesandadvisesonallaspectsoftheprepara-
tion and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee does
notnecessarilyreviewthecontentsofindividualvolumesintheseries,
butitmakesrecommendationsonissuesthatcometoitsattentionand
reviewsvolumesasitdeemsnecessarytofulfillitsadvisoryandstatu-
toryobligations.
Declassification Review
The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-
ministration,conductedthedeclassificationreviewfortheDepartment
of State of the documents published in this volume. The review was
conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive
Order 13526 on Classified National Security Information and appli-
cablelaws.
Theprincipleguidingdeclassificationreviewistoreleaseallinfor-
mation,subjectonlytothecurrentrequirementsofnationalsecurityas
embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed
concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in
theDepartmentofState,otherconcernedagenciesoftheU.S.Govern-
ment,andtheappropriateforeigngovernmentsregardingspecificdoc-
uments of those governments. The declassification review of this vol-
ume, which began in 2011 and was completed in 2012, resulted in
minorexcisions of less than aparagraph in7documents.
TheOfficeoftheHistorianisconfident,onthebasisoftheresearch
conductedinpreparingthisvolumeandasaresultofthedeclassifica-
tionreviewprocessdescribedabove,thatthedocumentationandedito-
rialnotespresentedhereprovideathorough,accurate,andreliablerec-
ord—given the limitations of space—of the Carter administration’s
policytoward human rightsandhumanitarian affairs.
AdamM.Howard, Ph.D. StephenP. Randolph,Ph.D.
GeneralEditor TheHistorian
Bureauof Public Affairs
August, 2013
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Preface
StructureandScope oftheForeign Relations Series
This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela-
tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign
policyoftheadministrationofJimmyCarter.Thisvolumedocuments
humanrightspolicyandsignificanthumanitarianaffairsfrom1977to
1980,focusingontheinstitutionalizationofhumanrightspolicywithin
theUnitedStatesGovernment;worldhungerandfoodpolicy;interna-
tional health, water policy, population growth, and international
women’sissues.Itdoesnotincludedocumentationonspecifichuman
rightsproblems;forU.S.humanrightspolicywithaparticularcountry
or region, readers should consult the relevant geographically-focused
volumeoftheForeignRelationsseries.Readersinterestedintheintellec-
tualfoundationsofU.S.humanrightspolicyshouldconsultForeignRe-
lations, Volume I, Foundations of Foreign Policy. For information on
North-South relations, economic summits, and overall U.S. trade
policy, see Foreign Relations, Volume III, Foreign Economic Policy.
ReadersshouldalsoconsultForeignRelations,VolumeE–7,Documents
onUnitedNations;LawoftheSeafordocumentationonothertransna-
tionalglobalissues,includingspaceandtelecommunications,trustter-
ritories,narcotics,and theOlympics.
FocusofResearchandPrinciples ofSelection forForeign Relations,
1977–1980, VolumeII
Thisvolumedocuments the Carter administration’s efforts to de-
fine and implement a broad-based human rights policy. It also illus-
tratesvariousstepsundertakenbytheCarteradministrationtoamelio-
rate hunger, launch a global health initiative, and advocate for
women’srights.Thesectiononhumanrightsfocusesonoverallhuman
rights policy, including the establishment of the Bureau of Human
Rights and Humanitarian Affairs within the Department of State, the
creationofhumanrightscoordinatingandreviewgroups,issuanceofa
PresidentialDirectiveonhumanrights,institutionalizationandstand-
ardization of human rights reporting, and pursuit of human rights
within the United Nations and other multilateral venues. The section
on world hunger and food policy documents efforts to revitalize the
FoodforPeaceprogram(PublicLaw480)andconnectitmorefirmlyto
humanrightsconcerns,theestablishmentofthePresidentialCommis-
siononWorldHunger,theadministration’ssupportforbothdomestic
and international grain reserves and a food corps, and the U.S. re-
VII
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VIII Preface
sponse to famine in Kampuchea and East Africa. The international
health,populationgrowth,andinternationalwomen’sissuescompila-
tion chronicles the administration’s efforts to initiate a global health
program emphasizing food aid, nutrition, family planning, community-
basedhealthcare,anddiseasepreventionandtreatment.Itdocuments
theU.S.globalpopulationstrategy,astrategythatadvocatedwomen’s
rights,improvedlivingconditions,andintegrationoffamilyplanning
incommunitylife.Thecompilationalsoillustratestheadministration’s
effortstoimplementtherecommendationsgeneratedasanoutgrowth
ofthe1975InternationalWomen’sYearconferenceanddetailstheU.S.
preparations for the 1980 United Nations World Conference for
Women.OtherissuesdocumentedinthiscompilationincludeU.S.sup-
portfortheUnitedNationsWaterDecadeandthepreparationandre-
lease of the Global 2000 Report, which assessed current environmental
andglobaltrendsandpositedprobableoutcomesbythecentury’send.
Acknowledgments
The editor wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Ceri
McCarron, Albert Nason, Brittany Parris, and James Yancey of the
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library; David Langbart, Don Mcllwain,
and Herbert Rawlings-Milton of the National Archives and Records
Administration; and Deborah Miller of the Minnesota Historical So-
ciety.TheeditorwouldalsoliketothankformerVicePresidentWalter
F.Mondaleforgrantingpermissiontousedocumentationfromhisfiles
attheMinnesotaHistorical Society. The Historical Staffof the Central
IntelligenceAgency helpedtoarrange accessto CIAfiles.
The editor conducted the research for this volume and selected
andannotatedthedocumentationunderthesupervisionofKathleenB.
Rasmussen, Chief of the Global Issues and General Division, and the
direction of Susan C. Weetman, the former General Editor of the For-
eign Relations series. Dean G. Weatherhead coordinated the declassifi-
cationreviewunderthesupervisionoftheChiefoftheDeclassification
and Publishing Division Carl Ashley. Erin F. Cozens and Thomas I.
Faithperformedthecopyandtechnicalediting.DoMiStauberInc.pre-
paredthe index.
KristinL.Ahlberg, Ph.D.
Historian
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Contents
Aboutthe Series ....................................................... III
Preface ................................................................... VII
Sources .................................................................. XI
AbbreviationsandTerms ............................................ XIX
Persons .................................................................. XXXIII
HumanRights ......................................................... 1
WorldHunger andFood Policy .................................... 643
InternationalHealth,Population Growth, andWomen’s
Issues .................................................................. 927
Index ..................................................................... 1169
IX