Fodder crops and amenity grasses

526 Pages·2010·6.96 MB·English

by  Dirk Reheul

Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses
HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING
Editors-in-Chief:
JAIMEPROHENS,UniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia,Valencia,Spain
FERNANDONUEZ,UniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia,Valencia,Spain
MARCELOJ.CARENA,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND,USA
Volume1
VegetablesI:Asteraceae,Brassicaceae,Chenopodicaceae,andCucurbitaceae
EditedbyJaimeProhensandFernandoNuez
Volume2
VegetablesII:Fabaceae,Liliaceae,SolanaceaeandUmbelliferae
EditedbyJaimeProhensandFernandoNuez
Volume3
Cereals
EditedbyMarceloCarena
Volume4
OilCrops
EditedbyJohannVollmannandIstvanRajcan
Volume5
FodderCropsandAmenityGrasses
EditedbyBeatBoller,UlrichK.Posselt,FabioVeronesi
· ·
Beat Boller Ulrich K. Posselt Fabio Veronesi
Editors
Fodder Crops and Amenity
Grasses
1 3
Editors
BeatBoller UlrichK.Posselt
Agroscope UniversitätHohenheim
Reckenholz-Tänikon Inst.Pflanzenzüchtung
ResearchStationART Fruwirthstr.21
Reckenholzstr.191 70593Stuttgart
8046Zürich Germany
Switzerland [email protected]
[email protected]
FabioVeronesi
UniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia
Dpto.diBiologiaVegetalee
BiotecnologieAgroambientali
BorgoXXGiugno,74
06121Perugia
Italy
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-4419-0759-2 e-ISBN978-1-4419-0760-8
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-0760-8
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009940383
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Preface
Grassland farming in Europe was already established during the settlement of the
first farmers together with their domesticated animals after the last ice age. Since
then, grassland provides the forage basis to feed ruminant animals for the pro-
duction of meat and milk. Depending on the ecological conditions and intensity
of usage, various plant communities with different species developed, displaying
a rich biodiversity. With the introduction of improved crop rotations at the end of
the 16th century, grasses and legumes were also grown to an important extent as
foragecropsonarableland.Inthelastdecades theimportanceofamenitygrasses
increasedmarkedly,duetothedemandofthesocietyfornewusageslikelandscape
protection.
Around 1900 interested farmers and academics identified the need for grass-
land improvement through systematic selection and seed production. This marks
the beginning of breeding and research in companies but also at universities and
specializedresearchinstitutes.Plantcollectionstartedwithmanyofthespeciesthat
are still of importance today. The collected materials were grouped according to
the intended use and some type of phenotypic selection was applied. Seed multi-
plicationofsuchpopulationswasperformedinpurestandsandtheharvestedseed
wasmarketed.Althoughthevegetativebiomassanditsqualityareofutmostimpor-
tance in forage crop breeding, it is the seed yield potential which determines the
commercialsuccessofanewvariety.
There are some milestones in forage crop breeding that should be mentioned:
the invention of the polycross leading to the replacement of open pollinated vari-
etiesbysyntheticvarieties,progenytesting,breedingofamenitygrasses,induction
oftetraploidsintheryegrassesandredclover,andtheintroductionandapplication
of molecular tools. The invention of the forage plot harvester, computers, NIRS,
andothernewtechnologieshasledtoatremendousincreaseinbreedingintensity.
Unfortunately, public funded research is decreasing dramatically in most highly
developed countries, while in the commercial sector a concentration process took
place.Thus,effortsareneededtoavoidlossinknowledgeandbreedingexperience.
Scientific and practical knowledge of forage plant breeding accumulated in
the first 50 years of systematic fodder crop breeding has been summarized in
the so far unique volume “Züchtung der Futterpflanzen – Breeding of Forage
Plants” which appeared as the fourth volume of the bilingual “Handbuch der
v
vi Preface
Pflanzenzüchtung–ManualofPlantBreeding”intwoeditions,1941and1959,and
was edited by H. Kappert and W. Rudorf. In their foreword to the second edition,
we can read that “the research results are scattered inprofuse literaturewhich can
nolongerbeoverlookedbytheindividual.”Now,another50yearslater,thisiscer-
tainlytrueevenmoreandweaseditorsofthe“FodderCropsandAmenityGrasses”
volume of this new “Handbook of Plant Breeding” are proud to tackle again the
challenge of making the most pertinent knowledge available to the plant breeding
community.
Because forage crops have many topics in common and to avoid redundancy,
we decided to start with nine general chapters devoted to the role of forage crops
inmultifunctionalagriculture,geneticresources,breedingmethodology,molecular
tools, breeding objectives in forages as well as amenity grasses, breeding for seed
yield, variety testing and release, and an outlook into the future. The second part
comprisestheninemostimportantgroupsoftemperatespeciesamongthegrasses,
clovers,andalfalfa.Minorspeciesarealsotreatedinrespectivechapters.Eachofthe
crop-specificchapterscoversthewholerangeoftopicsrelatedtobreedingfromthe
originandhistoryoftheparticularcropandgeneticresourcestobreedingachieve-
ments,specificgoalsandtechniques,includingthepotentialandactualintegration
ofnewbiotechnologies.Thechaptershavebeenwrittenbyoutstandingbreedersand
scientistswithwideexperienceintheircropsandtopics.
Thisvolumecontainsallthebasicandupdatedinformationonthestateoftheart
ofbreedingfoddercropsandamenitygrasses.Thevastamountofknowledgecol-
lectedinthisvolumeshouldnotonlyservebreedersaswellasresearchers,students,
butalsotheiracademicteachers.Itmayberegardedasascientificknowledgeplat-
form which provides practical plant breeders with new scientific information, but
also to make molecular biologists more familiar with the peculiarities of breeding
thevariousspeciesoffoddercropsandamenitygrasses.
Thecompletionofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontribu-
tions of the many authors, who have devoted much time to the task of writing the
chapters.ThescientificplatformoftheFodderCropsandAmenityGrassesSection
ofEUCARPIAhasbeenanextremelyvaluableresourceofrecruitinghighlycom-
petentcontributors.WealsowanttothankthestaffofSpringer,inparticularHannah
Schorr,fortheircontinuoussupport.
Last but not least, we would like to thank Christine, Brigitte, and Daniela for
theirpatienceandsupportwhileworkingonthisvolume.
Zürich,Switzerland BeatBoller
Stuttgart,Germany UlrichK.Posselt
Perugia,Italy FabioVeronesi
Contents
1. TheRoleofForageCropsinMultifunctionalAgriculture . . . . . 1
DirkReheul,BennyDeCauwer,andMathiasCougnon
2. GeneticResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
BeatBollerandStephanieL.Greene
3. BreedingMethodsinCross-PollinatedSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . 39
UlrichK.Posselt
4. Development and Application of Biotechnological
andMolecularGeneticTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
RolandKölliker,DanieleRosellini,andZeng-YuWang
5. BreedingObjectivesinForages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
MichaelD.CaslerandEdzardvanSanten
6. BreedingObjectivesinAmenityGrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
SheenaDuller,DanielThorogood,andStacyA.Bonos
7. BreedingforGrassSeedYield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
BirteBoeltandBrunoStuder
8. ControlofCultivarReleaseandDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
TrevorJ.Gilliland
9. FutureDevelopmentsandUses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
JosephH.Bouton
10. Ryegrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
MervynHumphreys,UlfFeuerstein,MurielVandewalle,
andJoostBaert
11. Fescues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
OddArneRognli,MalayC.Saha,SureshBhamidimarri,
andStefanvanderHeijden
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viii Contents
12. Festulolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
MarcGhesquière,MichaelW.Humphreys,
andZbigniewZwierzykowski
13. Cocksfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
YasuharuSanada,Marie-ChristineGras,andEdzardvanSanten
14. Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
HiroyukiTamaki,JoostBaert,andPetterMarum
15. Bluegrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
DavidR.Huff
16. MinorGrassSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
GrzegorzZ˙urekandMagdalenaŠevcˇíková
17. Alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
FabioVeronesi,E.CharlesBrummer,andChristianHuyghe
18. RedClover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
BeatBoller,FranzXaverSchubiger,andRolandKölliker
19. WhiteClover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
MichaelT.AbbertonandAtholeH.Marshall
20. MinorLegumeSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
EfisioPianoandLucianoPecetti
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Contributors
MichaelT.Abberton InstituteofBiological,EnvironmentalandRuralSciences
(IBERS),AberystwythUniversity,Gogerddan,AberystwythSY233EB,UK
JoostBaert DepartmentofPlantGeneticsandBreeding,Caritasstraat21,9090
Melle,Belgium
SureshBhamidimarri GrassBreedingLab,ForageImprovementDivision,The
SamuelRobertsNobleFoundation,2510SamNobleParkway,Ardmore,OK
73401,USA
BirteBoelt DepartmentofGeneticsandBiotechnology,ResearchCentre
Flakkebjerg,AarhusUniversity,Forsøgsvej1,DK-4200Slagelse,Denmark
BeatBoller AgroscopeReckenholz-Tänikon,ResearchStationART,
Reckenholzstrasse191,CH-8046Zürich,Switzerland
StacyA.Bonos DepartmentofPlantBiologyandPathology,Rutgers,TheState
UniversityofNewJersey,NewBrunswick,NJ08901-8520,USA
JosephH.Bouton TheSamuelRobertsNobleFoundation,2510SamNoble
Parkway,Ardmore,OK73401,USA
E.CharlesBrummer CropandSoilSciencesDepartment,InstituteforPlant
Breeding,Genetics,andGenomics,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602,
USA
MichaelD.Casler USDA-ARS,U.S.DairyForageResearchCenter,1925Linden
Dr.,Madison,WI53706,USA
MathiasCougnon UniversityofGent,Coupurelinks653,B-9000Gent,Belgium
BennyDeCauwer UniversityofGent,Coupurelinks653,B-9000Gent,Belgium
SheenaDuller InstituteofBiological,EnvironmentalandRuralSciences,
AberystwythUniversity,Gogerddan,AberystwythCeredigionSY233EB,UK
UlfFeuerstein EuroGrassBreedingGmbHandCo.KGSteimkerWeg7,27330,
Asendorf,Germany
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