Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

263 Pages·2003·15.6 MB·English

by  Gerard Sheehan

Milestones in Drug Therapy
MDT
Series Editors
Prof. Dr. Michael J. Parnham Prof. Dr. J. Bruinve1s
PLIVA INFARM
Research Institute Sweelincklaan 75
Prilaz baruna Filipovica 25 NL-3723 JC Bilthoven
10000 Zagreb The Netherlands
Croatia
Fluoroquinolone
Antibiotics
Edited by A.R. Ronald and D.E. Low
Springer Basel AG
Editors
Alian R. Ronald Donald E. Low
Faculty of Medicine Microbiology Laboratory
The University of Manitoba, Room C5124 MI. Sinai Hospital, Room 1487
409 Tacho Avenue 600 University Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6 Toronto, Ontario M5G IX5
Canada Canada
Advisory Board
J.c. Buckingham (Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK)
D. de Wied (Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands)
F.K. Goodwin (Center on Neuroscience, Washington, USA)
G. Lambrecht (J.W. Goethe Universităt, Frankfurt, Germany)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics / A.R. Ronald, D.E. Low (editors).
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-0348-9437-1 ISBN 978-3-0348-8103-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-0348-8103-6
1. Quinolone antibacterial agents. 1. Ronald, Alian R. II. Low, Don E.
RM666.Q55 F577 2003
616.9'2061--{!c21 2002043611
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed biblio
graphic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.ddb.de
ISBN 978-3-0348-9437-1
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© 2003 Springer Basel AG
Originally published by Birkhl1user Verlag, Basel -Boston -Berlin in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2003
Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TFC ~
Cover iIlustration: Quinolone structure-side effect relationship (see. p. 7)
ISBN 978-3-0348-9437-1
987654321 http://www.birkhauser-science.com
v
Contents
List of contributors VII
Preface IX
Gerard Sheehan and Nicholas S. Y. Chew
The history of quinolones 1
Lester A. Mitscher and Zhenkun Ma
Structure-activity relationships of quinolones 11
c.c.
Pak-Leung Ho and Vincent Cheng
Epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance 49
Lionel A. Mandell
Improved safety profile of newer fluoroquinolones 73
George G. Zhanel and Ayman M. Noreddin
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKJPD) of fluoro-
quinolones: tools for combating bacteria and preventing resistance 87
James R. Johnson
Fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infection 107
Sarah A. Wyllie and Geoffrey L. Ridgway
The quinolones and sexually transmitted infections 121
Anthony W. Chow
Gastrointestinal and intraabdominal infections 137
Eugene Leibovitz and Ron Dagan
The quinolones in otitis media and upper respiratory infections 167
Thomas J. Marrie
Quinolones in pneumonia 177
Donald E. Low
Fluoroquinolones for the treatment of respiratory tract
infections other than pneumonia ............................ 189
VI Contents
John M. Embil
Quinolones for the treatment of skin, soft tissue, bone and
prosthetic joint infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
Helen Giamarellou and Anastasia Antoniadou
The role of fluoroquinolones in the therapy and prophylaxis
of neutropenic patients with cancer .......................... 219
Ziad A. Memish and Manuel W. Mah
Less usual indications: Mycobacterial, Brucella, Yersinia,
Francisella and other infections ............................. 239
Allan R. Ronald and Donald E. Low
The quinolones: future prospects ............................ 251
Index ................................................. 255
VII
List of contributors
Anastasia Antoniadou, Athens University School of Medicine, 4th Department
of Internal Medicine, Sismanoglio General Hospital, 1 Sismanogliou St.,
15126 Maroussi, Athens, Greece; e-mail: [email protected]
Vincent C.C. Cheng, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbio
logy, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road,
Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; e-mail: [email protected]
Nicholas S.Y. Chew, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae
Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland; e-mail: [email protected]
Anthony W. Chow, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
University of British Columbia and Vancouver Hospital Health Sciences
Centre, 2773 Heather Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 3J5; e-mail:
[email protected]. Present address: UCSD, 3717 Nobel Dr,
Apt 1327, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
Ron Dagan, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical
Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel; e-mail:
[email protected]
John Embil, Infection Control Unit, Health Sciences Centre, MS 673-820
Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1R9 Canada; e-mail:
[email protected]
Helen Giamarellou, Athens University School of Medicine, 4th Department of
Internal Medicine, Sismanoglio General Hospital, 1 Sismanogliou St.,
15126 Maroussi, Athens, Greece; e-mail: [email protected]
Pak-Leung Ho, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology,
Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road,
Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; e-mail: [email protected]
James R. Johnson, VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Uni
versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
Eugene Leibovitz, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University
Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel; e-mail:
[email protected]
Donald E. Low, Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600
University Ave., Rm. 1487, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5; e-mail:
[email protected]
Zhenkun Ma, Medicinal Chemistry, Cumbre Inc., 1502 Viceroy Drive, Dallas,
TX 75235-2304, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
Manuel W. Mah, Infection Prevention and Control, Peter Lougheed Centre,
3500-26th Avenue NE, Calgary, AB, T1 Y 6J4 Canada; e-mail:
[email protected]
VIII List of contributors
Lionel A. Mandell, McMaster University, Henderson Hospital, 5th floor, 40
Wing, 711 Concession St., Hamilton, Ontario L8V lC3, Canada
Thomas J. Marrie, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 2F1.30
Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 6440 112th Street,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 2B7; e-mail: [email protected]
Ziad A. Memish, Departments of Medicine and Infection Prevention and
Control, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh
11426, Saudi Arabia; e-mail: [email protected]
Lester A. Mitscher, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Kansas University,
4010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582,
USA; e-mail: [email protected]
Ayman M. Noreddin, Microbiology, Health Sciences Centre, MS673-820
Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A lR9, Canada
Geoffrey L. Ridgway, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University
College London Hospitals, Grafton Way, London WCIE 6DB, UK; e-mail:
[email protected]
Allan R. Ronald, Faculty of Medicine, The Unversity of Manitoba, Room
C5124, 409 TachoAvenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada; e-mail:
[email protected]
Gerard Sheehan, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae
Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
Sarah A. Wyllie, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College
London Hospitals, Grafton Way, London WCIE 6DB, UK; e-mail:
[email protected]
George G. Zhanel, Microbiology, Health Sciences Centre, MS673-820
Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A lR9, Canada; e-mail:
[email protected]
IX
Preface
Since the introduction of ciprofloxacin in 1987, fluoroquinolones have
expanded far beyond their early role in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
Clinical applications beyond genitourinary tract infections include upper and
lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, gynecologic infec
tions, sexually transmitted diseases, and some skin and soft tissue infections.
Their ease of administration, favorable pharmacokinetic properties, excellent
tolerability, and efficacy give them enormous potential for use and misuse
alike. Quinolones have few common adverse effects, most notably nausea,
headache and dizziness. Less frequent but more serious adverse events include
prolongation of the corrected QT interval, phototoxicity, liver enzyme abnor
malities, arthropathy, and cartilage and tendon abnormalities. While possess
ing many of the favorable properties of intravenous agents, most fluoro
quinolones offer the convenience of oral administration, thus contributing to
decreased health-care costs through increased outpatient therapy and short
ened hospital stays. With the recent introduction of agents such as gatifloxacin
and moxifloxacin, the traditional Gram-negative coverage of fluoroquinolones
has been expanded to include Gram-positive organisms, most importantly
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Several issues have arisen over the last few years with the widespread
acceptance and use of these agents: the emergence and dissemination of resist
ance, the need for extensive clinical experience before we can feel confident
about the safety of new agents, and the need for head-to-head clinical trials to
define the optimal role of each agent. During the last decade we have seen the
emergence and dissemination of resistance to the main pathogens for which
these agents have been targeted, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella enterica, and
Streptococcus pneumoniae. If we had known what we know now regarding the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics parameters of these antimicrobials
when they were first introduced, we may have been able to prevent or slow the
emergence of resistance by more appropriate use, especially with regards to
agriculture.
The approval of trovafloxacin by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
in 1998 was met with great excitement by many clinicians based on its utility
as monotherapy for numerous indications. In comparison with other available
fluoroquinolones, trovafloxacin offered enhanced activity against anaerobic
and Gram-positive organisms. In June, 1999 the FDA made a formal statement
outlining recommendations for the cautious use of trovafloxacin in specific
patient populations. Postmarketing experience revealed several cases of liver
x Preface
toxicity associated with the use of trovafloxacin, although similar findings had
not been documented in earlier studies. The experience magnified the limita
tions of information gained through clinical trials.
Finally, we have seen the introduction of a number of new fluoroquinolones
during the last 5 years. However, most of the clinical trials have been designed
for equivalency and have included comparator agents in other classes. There
are few studies which have been able to define the most optimal clinical indi
cation for each of these agents.
The new fluoroquinolones should currently rarely be prescribed as first-line
agents and should always be employed judiciously. Inappropriate use of agents
from this important class of antibiotics will likely worsen current problems
with fluoroquinolone resistance.
Allan R. Ronald
Donald E. Low August 2002